Parekh, Bhikhu: Rethinking Multiculturalism: Cultural Diversity and
Political Theory 2000, Macmillan Press, Harvard, 379 pp., ISBN
0333608828
Parekh is a well-known British theorist on multiculturalism, actively
involved in British debates both as an academic and head of the Commission
on Racial Equality, and also active in debates in India (where he was
born). His work is enriched by his familiarity with various non-Western
schools of thought, and one of his objections is that all of the "first-wave"
theorists are too Western or Eurocentric in their assumptions.
Levy, Jacob: The Multiculturalism of Fear, 2000, Oxford UP, 269
pp., ISBN 0198297122
Levy defends a form of liberal multiculturalism, but unlike Kymlicka,
or any of the other first-wave theorists, he argues that multiculturalism
should not be seen as a matter of promoting some positive good of `recognition'
or `diversity', but rather about avoiding the harm of cruelty or violence.
His is a 'negative' sort of multiculturalism, focusing on avoiding serious
conflict. He draws on Judith Shklar's famous contrast between a "liberalism
of fear" and a "liberalism of rights", and argues that multiculturalism
too should be seen as a matter of reducing fear, not promoting multicultural
"rights".
Carens, Joseph: Culture, Citizenship, and Community: a contextual
exploration of justice as evenhandedness, 2000, Oxford UP,
284 pp., ISBN 198297688
Carens covers a wide range of topics in this book, which is a collection
of his essays from the past 10 or so years. But they are united by his
belief, unlike the first-wave theorists, that there cannot be any "general
theory" of multiculturalism - the nature of the groups and their conflicts
are simply too diverse to be captured by any general principles. So he
defends what he calls a "contextual morality", which results in liberal
conclusions on some topics, communitarian on others.
Walzer, Michael: On Toleration, 1997, Yale UP, New Haven, 126
pp., ISBN 0300070195
Walzer's book differs from the others in being less concerned to defend
any one model of multiculturalism than in simply describing different
models. This book describes four models, including a model of "multination
empire" which is meant to cover the historic empires of Eastern/Central
Europe. It is helpful in situating current American or Western debates
about multiculturalism in a broader historical and international perspective,
showing how these new ideas of multiculturalism relate to older models
of multiethnic toleration.
Baubock, Rainer: Transnational Citizenship: Membership and Rights
in International Migration, 1995, E. Elgar, 348 pp., ISBN 1852789425
This was the first, and remains virtually the only, monograph that
offers a normative theory of immigration: i.e., that tries to explain
how issues of the admission, settlement and naturalization of immigrants
relate to liberal democratic principles.
Gutmann, Amy and Anthony Appiah: Color-Conscious: The Political Morality
of Race, 1996, Princeton UP, 191 pp., ISBN 0691026610
This is one of the few books by political theorists focusing on the
specific issue of racism, and how it relates to multiculturalism. It focuses
mainly on American race relations.
Okin, Susan (edited by Joshua Cohen, Matthew Howard, and Martha C.
Nussbaum): Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women, 2000, Princeton UP,
146 pp., ISBN 0691004315
This book focuses on the impact of multiculturalism on women, and
the possibility that there is a conflict between multiculturalism and
gender equality. Okin argues that there is an inherent conflict between
the two, and that gender equality should take precedence. The book consists
of Okin’s long article and commentaries.
Shachar, Ayelet: Multicultural Jurisdictions: Cultural Differences
and Women's Rights 2001, Cambridge - forthcoming
This book also focuses on the impact of multiculturalism on women,
and the possibility that there is a conflict between multiculturalism
and gender equality. Shachar argues that there needn't be an inherent
conflict, and if there is a contingent conflict, the two goals of multiculturalism
and gender equality need to be balanced.
Phillips, Anne: The Politics of Presence 1995, Clarendon Press,
Oxford, 209 pp., ISBN 0198279426
This book focuses on the question of whether or how ethnic and racial
groups (and women) should be represented in the political process, and
whether it is important that people be represented by "one of their own".
Phillips focuses on the specific question of how groups can be represented
in the legislature.
Young, Iris: Inclusion and Democracy, 2000, Oxford UP, New
York, 304 pp., ISBN 0198297548
This book also focuses on the question of whether or how ethnic and
racial groups (and women) should be represented in the political process,
and whether it is important that people be represented by "one of their
own". Young is interested in more general questions of group representation
in wider spheres of public debate.
Callan, Eamonn: Creating Citizens: political education and liberal
democracy, 1997, Clarendon Press, Oxford, ISBN: 0198292589
The book deals with the question how to educate people for citizenship
in a multicultural society. It’s primarily concerned with the possible
conflict between citizenship education and the beliefs of religious minorities.
Callan defends the claim that the state should teach all children certain
liberal civic virtues.
Macedo, Stephen: Diversity and Distrust: Civic Education in a Multicultural
Democracy 1999, Harvard UP, 384 pp., ISBN: 0674213114
This books deals with issues of education and multiculturalism. Macedo
argues that the state should make more accommodations for parents who
fear that liberalism is a threat to their way of life.
Glazer , Nathan: We Are All Multiculturalists Now, 1997, Harvard
UP, 192 pp., ISBN 067494836X
The sociologist Nathan Glazer declares the debate over multiculturalism
in the United States over. In a tone at once rueful and sympathetic, he
proclaims the triumph of multiculturalism and attempts to explain what
it means and how it has come – in his view - to pass. A good deal of the
book is devoted to a recounting of our failure to incorporate blacks into
the broader society, a failure which Glazer claims is still conspicuous
in housing patterns, employment, and education.
Hollinger, David: Postethnic America: Beyond Multiculturalism, 1995,
Basic Books, New York, 210 pp., ISBN 0465059910
These are perhaps the two most influential discussions of multiculturalism
in the United States. They are entirely about American debates, and written
for an American audience. Glazer was known as fierce critic of multiculturalism,
but in his 1997 book he recognizes that he lost the fight, and that some
sort of multiculturalism is inevitable in the US. Hollinger agrees that
some form of multiculturalism is inevitable, but wants to overcome what
he sees as the excessive emphasis on race in the American conception of
multiculturalism.
MINORITY NATIONALISM
Gurr, Ted: Minorities at Risk: A Global View of Ethnopolitical Conflict,
1993, US Institute of Peace Press, 427 pp., ISBN 1878379259
with contributions by Barbara Harff, Monty G. Marshall, James R. Scarritt
Gurr, Ted: Peoples versus States: Minorities at Risk in the New Century,
2000, US Institute of Peace Press, 448 pp., ISBN: 1929223021
These two books provide state-of-the-art overviews of ethnic conflict
around the world, based on the huge "Minorities at Risk" project Gurr
runs at the University of Maryland. It's extremely helpful for anyone
interested in ethnic conflict around the world, and to see how debates
in America or Europe compare to those in Africa or Asia. His focus is
on minority nationalisms, since they are the most common source of violent
ethnic conflict around the world, and he discusses the most promising
models for accommodating minority nationalist aspirations.
Lapidoth, Ruth: Autonomy: Flexible Solutions to Ethnic Conflict, 1995,
US Institute of Peace Press, 298 pp., ISBN 1 878379623
Important overview of the role of autonomy as a method for resolving
ethnic conflict raised by minority nationalisms.
Buchanan, Allen: Secession : the morality of political divorce from
Fort Sumter to Lithuania and Quebec, 1991, Westview, 174 pp., ISBN
0813311330
Buchanan's book was the first, and remains virtually the only, monograph
on the normative issues involved in secession. It has been the touchstone
for all subsequent debates about the morality of secession. It has since
generated an enormous literature, the best of which is collected in Moore's
edited volume.
Moore, Margaret, ed.: National Self-Determination and Secession, 1998,
Oxford UP, 285 pp., ISBN 0198293844
As Buchanan’s book, it discusses the alternatives to secession for
accommodating minority nationalism.
Kymlicka, Will and Magda Opalski: Can Liberal Pluralism be Exported?
Western Political Theory and Ethnic Relations in Eastern Europe , 2001,
Oxford UP - forthcoming
This book is an attempt to explore whether Western models of minority
rights, particularly in relation to minority nationalisms, could be applied
in Eastern and Central Europe.
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Avery F. Gordon and Christopher Newfield, eds.: Mapping Multiculturalism
1996, University of Minnesota Press, 491 pp., ISBN 0816625468
