EUROPEAN PUBLISHING TRAINING NEEDS IN THE INFORMATION SOCIETY

LEONARDO DA VINCI (STRAND III.2.A)

LITHUANIA REPORT

PROJECT PARTNERS:

CENTER FOR PUBLISHING DEVELOPMENT, OPEN SOCIETY INSTITUTE, BUDAPEST, HUNGARY

SCHOOL OF ART, PUBLISHING AND MUSIC, OXFORD BROOKES UNIVERSITY, OXFORD, UNITED KINGDOM

STRATEGY RESEARCH AND ACTION, LONDON, UNITED KINGDOM

AUSSTELLUNGS UND MESSE DES BORSENVEREINS DES DEUTSCHEN BUCHHANDELS, FRANKFURT, GERMANY

PUBLISHING TRAINING CENTRE, LONDON, UNITED KINGDOM

MAY 2000

1. INTRODUCTION

Leonardo da Vinci project III.2.A has been commissioned by the European Commission to identify the extent and nature of the need for publishing training in Central and Eastern European Countries (CEEC). The project is entitled European Publishing Training Needs in the Information Society II (EPTNIS II).

The project was commissioned following the success of EPTNIS I, a project conducted in 1998 in western European countries.

The project assesses the training needs of the publishing industry in 9 CEEC countries.

In January 1999 the project members met in Budapest to draft a research plan and to discuss the agenda for the project. As a result of this planning meeting a two-stage research project was agreed on and completed. The initial stage involved qualitative research in 4 countries followed by quantitative research in all 9 countries.

1.1 PROJECT PARTNERS

The project benefits from experienced partners, and each partner complements the skills of the other partners.

The project partners include:

Paul Richardson, professor of publishing at the School of Music and Publishing at Oxford Brookes University;

Frances Pinter and Jerzy Celichowski, from the Center for Publishing Development, Open Society Institute, Budapest;

Dag Smith, from Publishing Training Centre, London;

Barbel Becker, Ausstellungs und Messe des Borsenvereins des Deutschen Buchhandels, Frankfurt;

Robin Birn and Simon Whitehead, Strategy Research and Action in London.

However the data collection stage of the project could not have been successfully completed without the contribution of the staff of the Open Society Institutes in the countries involved, who worked to coordinate the translation and mailing of the quantitative questionnaire. It is for this reason that the research results have proved so robust, and the success of the project ensured.

It is also of value to mention the high response rates achieved during the research, and to appreciate that many of the publishers have been forthcoming in information, some of which could be considered to be sensitive.

1.2 METHODOLOGY

The research has been completed using a two-stage approach.

The first stage, the qualitative stage, consisted of in depth interviews with publishers. It was designed to provide guidance to help shape the quantitative research and identify the key issues related with training in Eastern and Central Europe. There were 10 interviews conducted in each of the 2 larger countries of Poland and Romania, and 6 in Hungary and Latvia.

The quantitative research was completed in the 10 countries of Central and Eastern Europe that have applied to join, and are being considered for membership of, the European Union in the future.

These countries are: Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Romania, Bulgaria and Estonia. All responded with sufficient questionnaires except Estonia.

The research has been designed to be fully comparative across countries and to identify the comparisons and contrasts between the countries in the study. As such the methodology reflects these needs.

The quantitative research sought to interview a statistically significant number of publishers in all 9 countries and access them by means of a postal self-completion questionnaire. The samples were decided using a sample frame from established data prepared by the Open Society Institute on publisher numbers in each of the countries.

In each country different sources were required to build a postal address list of publishers, and the Open Society Institutes in each country were able to provide substantial assistance in this regard.

A total of 2,306 questionnaires were mailed out.

The response rates in each of the countries obviously differed, but a total response of 780 returned for analysis was achieved.

When compared to typical research projects the response rates are all very high for a number of reasons, and this project has a response rate of 34%. This is in itself an encouraging sign from publishers in the region.

It is believed the good response rates are due to the specific nature of the study, the interest from the respondents, and the Open Society Institutes following up each questionnaire they posted out with a telephone call. The data can therefore be used to define training needs and to assess future training activities in each country.

1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

The main objectives for completing the research were as follows:

• Establish the attitudes towards training of publishers in the region
• Establish the extent to which electronic publishing is undertaken by publishers in the region
• Define the extent to which publishers feel publishing training is needed, and in which business disciplines it is most required
• Define the extent to which electronic publishing training is a priority in the region
• Produce data on the publishing industry which is internationally comparable, and which will provide a benchmark of the state of the publishing sector in the region

Users of the data should therefore be able to define better the segments in the publishing industry in the region, and position themselves better to grow the market with this knowledge.

1.4 USE OF RESULTS

The European Commission who have provided funding for the project, will be using the data, report and recommendations to assess the possibilities of providing financial assistance to publishers in Central and Eastern Europe in order to enhance the building of an Information Society within the Union.

It is assumed that the countries involved in the project will join the EU in the medium or long term. Consequently the results can be used to enhance knowledge about the new countries in order to coordinate transnational projects.

A further use of the data is by publishers themselves and by the Open Society Institute as a tool for decision-making. This is the first definitive survey of publishers’ activities in Central and Eastern Europe and is data which can be interpreted to define transnational publishing and subsequent training needed.

1.5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

There are a significant number of results that have come out of the research. Those that are most significant are likely to refer to individual countries or to come about as a result of comparison between data sets. As such this executive summary is limited to findings relating to Lithuania only.

The key findings of the research are:

• Criteria used to measure the extent to which an Information Society exists points to an infant stage of development of the Information Society in Eastern Europe.
• Local control over key industries necessary for the Information Society is being reconfigured through privatisation, and it is possible control of some sectors of the economy will pass into foreign hands.
• There is evidence that the publishing sector in the region has restructured during the last decade, and such prioritisation of electronic publishing that exists is taking place within a wider context of change.
• There is also some evidence to suggest that moves by publishers towards involvement in electronic publishing are contingent upon wider restructuring within their markets. Factors such as lack of market and piracy affect the demand for electronic products, and exacerbating the difficulty are supply side issues such as low spending on training, skills shortages amongst staff, and lack of access to finance.
• The most significant sector for publishing in Central and Eastern Europe is the education sector (History/Social Science/Academic/STM/Textbooks). This is measured by the number of publishers involved in publishing each genre.

• Electronic publishing (Internet and CD-Rom) is primarily confined to the Educational market, again implying institutional buying.

• Expenditure on training is very low. Indeed, almost three quarters of publishers spent under Euro1000 on training in the last year, representing (assuming they employ on average 6 people) around Euro150 each. Again, there is considerable difference between different countries.
• Such training that there is appears to be fairly evenly distributed between non-EU and EU training providers, as well as between trainers in the booktrade and trainers external to it. However, when asked, most publishers feel that it is important that their company has access to training in another country.
• The detailed research analysis shows that it becomes evident that publishers feel that a number of specific fields would benefit from transnational training, whereas a number of others would benefit more from training in their own country.

• The publishers believe the biggest problem experienced in becoming involved in electronic publishing is lack of resources, followed by lack of business partners.
• Supporting this, publishers feel that the biggest threats to electronic publishing are lack of access to finance, and piracy of original copy and texts.
• The lack of current training expenditure is put into further context when publishers say that they feel strongly that their staff will have to change their working methods and roles. Interestingly it is sales and marketing and editorial, techniques which the majority of publishers feel will need to change the most as EU integration develops.
• The fact that publishers would spend any additional funds on new products reveals a belief that essentially they are operating correctly and efficiently, and that growth would best be achieved by expanding output.

• Publishers agree with the statement that they would grow faster if they were to publish through new media.
• Although English enjoys dominance in terms of foreign languages, the majority of electronic publishers publish in their own language revealing a strong degree of cultural diversity in the electronic publishing sector.
• Finally, a significant proportion of publishers’ express and interest in electronic publishing, either by saying it is a priority, or by or by saying that they would be plan to publish electronically relatively soon. However this is to be contrasted with the low proportions of publishers currently involved in electronic publishing. This gap is best explained with reference to the publishers saying that lack of access to finance and lack of resources are a problematic.

1.6 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS

Publishers in the region were initially researched through the Qualitative research about the issues involved in publishing training, as well as their experiences with, and attitudes towards, transnational training and electronic publishing.

The findings of this stage of the research assisted further development of the questionnaire for the Quantitative research, and the bulk of the findings do indeed support the findings of the Quantitative stage.

It was for instance evident that the degree to which a publisher perceived multimedia training as important was a reflection on their abilities to present themselves in the market. Caution was the key word within the multimedia publishing industry, and the inability to deal with piracy a major concern.

Overall, the Qualitative research was used to assess methods to ensure that the quantitative research would be successful, and addressed the perceptions of the publishers in Eastern and Central Europe.

1.7 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS

The Quantitative findings of EPTNIS II are substantial and in depth. They have been presented as tabulations, and several cross tabulations of questions were specified.

It should be noted that this survey, with 780 completed responses, represents the most extensive survey into the publishing sector ever completed in the CEEC. As such, the data in this report are highly significant statistically. So too, in Lithuania, the data represents the most comprehensive picture of the industry yet produced to assess training.

The following are the results of the research.

5.7.1 CURRENT MATERIAL PUBLISHED

Of the total sample of 780 publishers, 621 (80%) are currently publishing only in print. 18% are publishing both print and electronically, and just over 1% are publishing only electronically.

In Lithuania 75% of publishers publish material in print, 22% both electronically and in print, and 3% electronically. Lithuania is therefore a typical example of the structure of the output of the publishing industry in Eastern and Central Europe.

5.7.2 GENRE CURRENTLY PUBLISHED

In terms of the most commonly published genre in Lithuania, Other titles are the most common, with 54% of publishers saying that they publish this genre.

This is closely followed by History and Social Science, which is published by 46% of respondents, and STM titles, which are published by 40% of publishers.

Textbooks are published by 35% of publishers, and literature by 33%.

Children’s material is also published by 28% of publishers.

Business/Management are published by 21% of respondents,

Biographies are published by 17% of publishers, as are Language titles and Computer Software materials.

Maps/Atlases and Travel Guides are published by 13% of publishers.

Food and Drink titles are published by 11% of publishers, and Sports titles by 7%, and Cinema and TV by 6%.

Lithuanian publishers generally more likely to publish genres such as Computer Software titles and Business/Management titles than publishers in other countries. They are also less likely to publish some genres such as Fiction and Biography.

1.8 PLAN TO PUBLISH

For the majority of genres, respondents as a whole do not plan to increase the range of their output. Generally publishers say they plan to publish similar genres to those they currently publish.

These results are likely to reflect some ambiguity in the question, whereby those currently publishing a genre may not have responded to the suggestion that they plan to publish a genre in the next 2 years because they feel that as they are already doing so it would not be an additional plan to purchase.

1.9 CURRENTLY INVOLVED IN PUBLISHING CD-ROMS

Publishers which are involved in publishing CD ROMs are most likely to publish STM titles (6% of the total), and other titles (6%). Other genres are published less frequently on CD-ROMs by publishers.

Generally Lithuanian publishers are less likely to be involved in publishing on CD-ROM and Disks than publishers the CEEC average.

1.10 CURRENTLY INVOLVED IN INTERNET PUBLISHING

Publishers which are involved in Internet publishing are most likely to publish STM titles, (15%), Academic (7%), Business/Management (6%), Maps/Atlases and Travel Guides (6%).

History/Social Science titles and Computer Software titles are published onm the Internet by 4% of Lithuanian publishers.

All other genre are published by less than 3% of publishers.

Again this indicates a very small proportion of publishers in Lithuanian are involved in Internet publishing, but that they lead the way for STM, Maps/Atlases and Travel Guides, and Business/Management publishing.

1.11 PLANS TO PUBLISH MULTIMEDIA

36% of publishers say that they are currently unable to get involved in multimedia publishing in the future.

31% of publishers plan to publish electronically within one year.

Currently 22% of publishers have no plans to get involved in multimedia publishing. 11% did not answer.

1.12 EU TRAINING PROVIDER

54% of publishers did not mention a training provider in the European Union.

15% say that they use external training consultants.

13% use a training provider within the book trade.

18% use in-house experts, higher than the average of 9%.

14% use a training provider external to the book trade (average 8%).

1% use other EU training providers, lower than the CEEC average of 16%.

1.13 NON EU TRAINING PROVIDER

88% of publishers did not mention a training provider outside the European Union, compared to the average of 59%.

4% say that they use external training consultants.

4% use a training provider within the book trade.

None use in-house experts, and 7% use a training provider external to the book trade.

1% use other non-EU training providers, compared to an average of 14%.

The situation in Lithuania is that a number of publishers are using an EU training provider, but nevertheless the majority of publishers are not training.

1.14 LIKELIHOOD OF CHANGING THESE RESOURCES IN NEXT 2 YEARS

21% of publishers say that they are possibly likely to change their training resources in the next 2 years.

7% say that they are likely to change their resources.

6% say that they are unlikely to change their training resources in the next 2 years.

A further 24% do not know, and 43% have not answered the question.

These results are inconclusive.

1.15 IMPORTANCE OF ACCESS TO TRAINING RESOURCES ABROAD

Respondents were asked to state, on a scale of one to three, the extent to which they feel that it is important that their company has access to training resources in another country. The mean score is 2.49 in Lithuania, (average CEEC countries 2.30) indicating that overall publishers do agree that it is important to have access to training resources in another country.

Overall 36% of respondents agree that it is important to some extent that their company’s have access to training resources in another country.

A further 47% believe that it is important to a great extent, compared to 4% who believe that it is not important at all.

13% of respondents do not know.

Lithuanian publishers are enthusiastic about the importance of transnational training. This has some significance when recommending countries most suitable for locating training in the CEEC in this regard.

1.16 FIELDS TRANSNATIONAL TRAINING OF MOST BENEFIT

The fields in which transnational publishing training could be most beneficial to the publishers are:

Sales and Marketing (61%, compared to CEEC average of 72%).

Design (57% compared to 31%)

Management (53% compared to 44%).

Customer service/distribution (47% compared to average of 55%).

Legal/Contractual (43% compared to 32%).

Financial (36% compared to 25%)

Editor Creative (35% compared to 31%)

Production (33% compared to 20%)

What is striking in the results is the extent to which Sales and Marketing is revealed as a field in which transnational training would be beneficial to publishers.

1.17 WHERE TRAINING WOULD BE MOST BENEFICIAL

Publishers were asked to state where they believed training would be most beneficial to their companies.

For Management training, 28% of publishers feel that it would most effectively be carried transnationally, compared to 40% who feel it would be best carried out in Lithuania. 32% did not answer this question.

For Editor/Creative training, 44% of publishers feel that it would most effectively be carried out in Lithuania, compared to 6% feel it would be best carried out transnationally. Although only 50% of respondents answered this question, the data clearly shows preference.

For Design training, 36% of publishers feel that it would most effectively be carried out transnationally, compared to 25% who feel it would be best carried out in Lithuania. 39% did not answer in this case.

For Production training, 25% of publishers feel that it would most effectively be carried out in Lithuania, and a further 21% feel it would be best carried out transnationally. However 54% of respondents did not answer this question, suggesting that they do not consider the issue to be of particular importance.

For Sales and Marketing training, 24% of publishers feel that it would most effectively be carried out transnationally, compared to 44% who feel it would be best carried out in Lithuania. 32% of respondents did not answer this question.

Conversely, for Legal/Contractual training, 29% of publishers feel that it would most effectively be carried out in Lithuania, compared to 26% who feel it would be best carried out transnationally. 44% of respondents did not answer this question.

For Financial training 50% of respondents did not answer. Of those that did, 39% believe that training would most effectively be carried out in Czech, compared to just 11% who believe that transnational training is most effective.

For Customer Service and Distribution training 44% of respondents felt that training in Lithuania would be most effective, and just 13% feel transnational training would be most effective. A further 43% did not answer this question.

This data shows Lithuanian publishers are evenly split on a number of the fields.

1.18 SPEED OF GROWTH THROUGH NEW MEDIA

Publishers were asked whether they felt that their company would grow faster if it were to publish through the new media.

On a scale of 1-5, the mean score is 4.25, suggesting strong agreement with the statement that a publisher would grow faster if it were to publish through new media.

1.19 LENGTH OF TIME ELECTRONICALLY PUBLISHING

Of those publishers that have been publishing electronically, 50% have been electronically publishing for over 2 years, compared to the average across all the countries of 24%.

The other publishers have been electronically publishing for varying lengths of time of less than 2 years.

6% of respondents did not answer the question.

Within Lithuania, publishers that are publishing electronically are likely to have been doing so for substantially longer than publishers in other countries, indicating a small but established industrial sector.

1.20 FOREIGN LANGUAGES PUBLISHED IN ELECTRONICALLY

88% of those publishers that have been publishing electronically publish in Lithuania.

81% publish in English, 13% in German, 19% in Russian, and 6% in other Eastern European languages. None publish in another languages.

The prevalence of foreign languages, particularly English indicates the possibility of a strong export sector for electronic publishing.

1.21 FOCUS OF ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING

There is no particular focus for electronic publishers in Lithuania.

These figures are generally in line with trends across CEEC.

1.22 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN BECOMING INVOLVED IN ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING

By far the biggest difficulty encountered by publishers in becoming involved in electronic publishing is a lack of resources for electronic publishing. This is encountered by 63% of Lithuanian publishers, and is considerably than the average.

44% suffer from technical constraints, and this too is higher than the average.

31% suffer from a lack of business partners, and a further 31% from lack of staff skills.

Lack of business skills, and lack of staff knowledge are also problems for a minority of electronic publishers in Lithuania.

1.23 EXTENT TO WHICH FACTORS ARE A THREAT TO PUBLISHING

The extent to which different factors are a threat to electronic publishers is measured on a scale of 1-3, where 3 represents an important threat, and 1 is not a threat.

In ranked order the most threatening factors for electronic publishers are:

Lack of market (2.73, average 2.38)

Lack of access to finance (2.71, average 2.62)

Piracy (2.50, average 2.60)

Lack of technical skills (2.43, average 2.03)

Lack of business skills (2.31, average 2.11)

Other factors (1.93, average 1.74)

International competition from EU (1.80, average 1.94)

Domestic competition (1.69, average 1.70)

International competition from non EU states (1.68, average 1.67)

It is evident that the first two factors are considerably more important to the publishers than the other factors. This is the case for all countries in the region.

As might be expected, the threat of domestic competition is felt more in those countries which have more competition naturally as a result of their size.

1.24 EXTENT OF STAFF CHANGE REQUIRED

Publishers were asked to rate the extent to which they will have to change their working methods to meet the challenges of multimedia in the future.

Overall on a score of 1-3, where 1 is not at all, and 3 is a great extent, Lithuanian respondents gave an average of 2.47, showing that they feel to some extent that they would have to change to meet the challenges of multimedia.

40% of respondents state that their staff would have to change a great extent, 46% to some extent, and none said their staff would not have to change at all.

4% of respondents did not answer the question.

Publishers in most of the different countries generally believe their staff will have to change to some extent, however the mean in Lithuania is higher than the average across the countries.

1.25 WAYS IN WHICH STAFF WILL HAVE TO CHANGE TO PUBLISH ELECTRONICALLY

63% of publishers state that their staff would have to develop more experience with multimedia in the future to publish electronically in the future.

31% of publishers feel that they need better working methods between IT and Editorial, which is higher than the average.

24% feel that their staff need to become more aware of market opportunities, lower than the CEEC average.

1.26 LEVEL OF PERSONNEL AT WHICH THERE IS A NEED TO CHANGE OR IMPROVE SKILLS TO PUBLISH ELECTRONICALLY

In Lithuania 57% say Design need to change or improve, higher than the regional average.

51% of publishers say that they believe that Editorial Creative staff need to change or improve their skills.

50% say Management need to change or improve, higher than the average.

39% say Production need to change or improve.

33% say that Customer Service/Distribution staff need to change or improve their skills, lower than the average.

In Lithuania 31% of publishers say that they believe Sales and Marketing need to change or improve their skills to publish electronically, and this is lower than the regional average of 56%.

19% say Financial need to change or improve, and 18% Legal/Contractual. 11% did not mention any areas.

Overall Lithuanians are confident that it is design and management which need the most change.

1.27 WAYS IN WHICH STAFF ARE CURRENTLY INCORPORATING NEW SKILLS

Currently most publishers (54%) are incorporating new skills by on the job training. 39% recruit staff with skills.

35% train existing staff internally.

21% train existing staff externally.

13% incorporate new skills through other means.

1.28 LIKELIHOOD OF THIS CHANGING

31% of publishers say that this is likely to change in the next 2 years, 46% do not know, and 21% say it is unlikely to change. This indicates some degree of satisfaction with present arrangements in Lithuania.

1.29 COMPANY OWNERSHIP

When asked whether they felt that the ownership of their company would remain the same over the next 2 years 64% say that they do expect it to remain the same.

24% do not know, and just 10% expect a change.

1.30 SPENDING PRIORITIES

Respondents were given a hypothetical question, and asked to say how they would spend Euro25,000 if they were given it to spend. Their answers are ranked according to the mean score of their answers on a scale of 1-3.

In first place, most say that they would spend additional resources on staff training (mean 2.23), then on new products (mean 2.20). Then the priority for spending is on capital goods (2.06), followed by spending on marketing (mean 2.02).

This is followed by advertising (mean 1.94), and acquisitions (1.94), market research (1.75), and finally management consultancy (1.72).

This differs from publishers in other countries, in that Lithuanian publishers attach the most importance to staff training. However, they attach less importance to staff training than the average publisher in the region. This shows that overall Lithuanian publishers have fewer priorities than other publishers in the region.

The only area in which Lithuanian publishers would spend more than other publishers is on acquisitions. Spending on advertising and marketing would be considerably lower than in other countries.

1.31 MEMBERSHIP OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

38% of Lithuanian publishers do not know whether membership of the European Union will be an advantage or disadvantage to their company.

49% view it as an advantage and 10% as a threat.

1.32 CURRENT STRENGTHS IN PUBLISHING

When asked to state what they perceived their strengths to be in their current publishing, publishers state two particular strengths.

Higher quality than competitors is mentioned by 50% of publishers, and an established company reputation by 53%. Specialist lists are mentioned by 36%.

Other strengths which are considered important are: good distribution (35%), translations and publishing in different languages (35%), lower prices than competitors (32%), a wide choice of publications (19%), and a knowledge of the market (17%).

Lithuanian publishers tend to have different priorities to other publishers in the region, placing more emphasis on quality, and translations than other publishers, and less emphasis on specialist lists and titles.

1.33 EXTENT TO WHICH ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING IS A PRIORITY

43% of publishers say that electronic publishing is a priority to some extent, and 10% say it is a priority to a great extent.

35% of publishers say that electronic publishing is not a priority at all.

It is worth remembering that the survey has focused on general publishers, and has not sought out electronic publishers, nor does it include software houses who may have an electronic publishing agenda.

Lithuanian publishers are almost as likely to prioritise electronic publishing than publishers in other countries.

5.34 ATTITUDES OF PUBLISHERS

It was important for the project to assess the extent to which publishers in the region perceived their businesses in the light of change. To this end publishers were asked to state their opinions towards various statements.

1.35 ATTITUDES OF PUBLISHERS – KEY PLAYER

When asked if they are a key player in their market, 13% of publishers say that they are to a great extent, and 38% say they are to some extent. 28% say they are not at all. Overall the mean score on a scale of 1-3 was 1.80, indicating very mild agreement.

1.36 ATTITUDES OF PUBLISHERS - VULNERABILITY

38% of publishers say that they are not at all vulnerable to foreign involvement in their market. Only 7% say they are vulnerable to a great extent, and 28% say they are to some extent.

The mean score is 1.58, indicating that most Lithuanian publishers are confident that they are not vulnerable. This reinforces the strong positive sentiment in the publishing sector in CEEC as a whole.

1.37 ATTITUDES OF PUBLISHERS – NEED TRAINING

56% of publishers say that to some extent they need training, and a further 25% say that they need training for some skills to a great extent. Just 1% say that they did not need any training for any skills at all.

The mean is 2.29, indicating agreement that training is needed for some skills.

1.38 ATTITUDES OF PUBLISHERS – GROWTH

42% of publishers are confident to some extent that they will grow next year. 22% are confident to a great extent that they will grow next year.

11% of publishers feel that they will not grow at all next year.

The mean in Lithuania is 2.15, compared to a CEEC average of 2.13.

1.39 ATTITUDES OF PUBLISHERS – REFLECTOR OF COUNTRY’S ECONOMY

36% of publishers agree to some extent that they are an accurate reflector of their countries economy. A further 22% agree to a great extent that they are an accurate reflector of their countries economy, compared to 14% who feel that they are not an accurate reflection at all.

The mean is 2.12, indicating general agreement that publishers are an accurate reflection of the countries economy.

1.40 CLASSIFICATION

5.41 LENGTH OF TIME IN PUBLISHING

58%, of publishers have worked in publishing for between 5 and 10 years. 8% have worked in publishing for between 11 and 20 years, and 8% for over 20 years.

Just 24% have worked in publishing for less than 5 years.

This indicates that on the whole, the decision makers in the publishing industry in Lithuania are relatively less experienced than the average in the region.

1.42 NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES

69% of publishers have less than 10 staff, 22% of publishers have between 11 and 30 staff, 3% between 31 and 50, 1% between 51 and 100. A further 3% have over 100 staff.

Czech publishers tend to be below average sized in the region.

1.43 NUMBER OF COMPUTERS

82% of publishers have less than 10 computers, while 10% have between 11 and 20.

7% of publishers have over 21 computers.

1.44 OWNERSHIP

51% of publishers are independent, with 6% part of a national group. 7% are state owned but ‘independent.’

1% of publishers are part of an international group, and 36% were unable to answer the question.

1.45 GENDER OF RESPONDENT

64% of the respondents are male, and 36% female.

1.46 AGE OF RESPONDENTS

57% of the respondents are aged between 35 and 54, with 21% under 34 and 22% over 55.

1.47 EXPENDITURE ON TRAINING

44% of publishers say that they spent nothing on training last year, whilst another 29% spent less than Euro250.

16% of publishers spent between Euro250 and Euro1000, and a 7% spent between Euro1000 and Euro5000. 3% spent over Euro5000. A further 1% receive government or external funding.

1.48 LOCATION OF EXPENDITURE

86% say that none of this expenditure was spent outside their country, although this includes those publishers that spend nothing on training (44%).

6% say that they spent up to 25% of their expenditure abroad, 1% spent between 26% and 50% of their training expenditure abroad. 4% of publishers say that they spent between 51% and 75% of their training expenditure abroad, and 1% say that they spent over 75% of their training expenditure abroad.

Lithuanian publishers are less likely to spend money outside their own country.

1.49 ANNUAL TURNOVER

There was a wide distribution of turnover for publishers in the last year.

18% had a turnover of less than Euro10,000, and a further 19% had a turnover between Euro10,000 and Euro30,000.

8% had a turnover between Euro31,000 and Euro50,000, 15% between Euro51,000 and Euro100,000.

17% had a turnover between Euro100,000 and Euro300,000, 8% between Euro300,000 and Euro500,000. 4% have a turnover between Euro500,000 and Euro1m.

1% have a turnover above Euro1m.

Lithuanian publishers have a lower turnover than those of other countries.

1.50 LOCATION OF PUBLISHER

Publishers are located in 9 countries of Central and Eastern Europe. They are slightly more likely to come from either Hungary, Czech or Poland, reflecting the larger publishing industry in these countries.

1.51 OWNERSHIP OF PUBLISHER

42% of publishers have none of their company owned by the state.

25% have over 75% owned by the state, with 6% in between.

26% of respondents did not answer this question.

1.52 PROPORTION FOREIGN OWNED

31% of publishers say that none of their company was foreign owned, 1% said that more than 75% was foreign owned, with 2% in between.

65% did not answer this question. This may reflect lack of knowledge about the financial ownership of the company, and this may be exacerbated by the difficulties caused by transition to the free market, or it may simply be due to the sensitivity of the information that publishers are reluctant to divulge it.

1.53 NUMBER OF TITLES PUBLISHED A YEAR

46% of publishers publish less than 10 titles a year, 36% between and 10 and 30 titles, and 10% between 31 and 60.

3% publish between 60 and 100 titles, and none over a 100 titles a year.

Lithuanian publishers tend to produce marginally fewer titles a year.

Executive summary

• Bulgaria
• Czech Republic
• Hungary
• Latvia
• Lithuania
• Poland
• Romania
• Slovakia
• Slovenia

policy resources

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