EUROPEAN PUBLISHING TRAINING NEEDS IN THE INFORMATION SOCIETY

LEONARDO DA VINCI (STRAND III.2.A)

ROMANIA REPORT

PROJECT PARTNERS:

CENTER FOR PUBLISHING DEVELOPMENT, OPEN SOCIETY INSTITUTE, BUDAPEST, HUNGARY

SCHOOL OF ART, PUBLISHING AND MUSIC, OXFORD BROOKES UNIVERSITY, OXFORD, UNITED KINGDOM

STRATEGY RESEARCH AND ACTION, LONDON, UNITED KINGDOM

AUSSTELLUNGS UND MESSE DES BORSENVEREINS DES DEUTSCHEN BUCHHANDELS, FRANKFURT, GERMANY

PUBLISHING TRAINING CENTRE, LONDON, UNITED KINGDOM

MAY 2000

1. INTRODUCTION

Leonardo da Vinci project III.2.A has been commissioned by the European Commission to identify the extent and nature of the need for publishing training in Central and Eastern European Countries (CEEC). The project is entitled European Publishing Training Needs in the Information Society II (EPTNIS II).

The project was commissioned following the success of EPTNIS I, a project conducted in 1998 in western European countries.

The project assesses the training needs of the publishing industry in 9 CEEC countries.

In January 1999 the project members met in Budapest to draft a research plan and to discuss the agenda for the project. As a result of this planning meeting a two-stage research project was agreed on and completed. The initial stage involved qualitative research in 4 countries followed by quantitative research in all 9 countries.

1.1 PROJECT PARTNERS

The project benefits from experienced partners, and each partner complements the skills of the other partners.

The project partners include:

Paul Richardson, professor of publishing at the School of Music and Publishing at Oxford Brookes University;

Frances Pinter and Jerzy Celichowski, from the Center for Publishing Development, Open Society Institute, Budapest;

Dag Smith, from Publishing Training Centre, London;

Barbel Becker, Ausstellungs und Messe des Borsenvereins des Deutschen Buchhandels, Frankfurt;

Robin Birn and Simon Whitehead, Strategy Research and Action in London.

However the data collection stage of the project could not have been successfully completed without the contribution of the staff of the Open Society Institutes in the countries involved, who worked to coordinate the translation and mailing of the quantitative questionnaire. It is for this reason that the research results have proved so robust, and the success of the project ensured.

It is also of value to mention the high response rates achieved during the research, and to appreciate that many of the publishers have been forthcoming in information, some of which could be considered to be sensitive.

1.2 METHODOLOGY

The research has been completed using a two-stage approach.

The first stage, the qualitative stage, consisted of in depth interviews with publishers. It was designed to provide guidance to help shape the quantitative research and identify the key issues related with training in Eastern and Central Europe. There were 10 interviews conducted in each of the 2 larger countries of Poland and Romania, and 6 in Hungary and Latvia.

The quantitative research was completed in the 10 countries of Central and Eastern Europe that have applied to join, and are being considered for membership of, the European Union in the future.

These countries are: Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Romania, Bulgaria and Estonia. All responded with sufficient questionnaires except Estonia.

The research has been designed to be fully comparative across countries and to identify the comparisons and contrasts between the countries in the study. As such the methodology reflects these needs.

The quantitative research sought to interview a statistically significant number of publishers in all 9 countries and access them by means of a postal self-completion questionnaire. The samples were decided using a sample frame from established data prepared by the Open Society Institute on publisher numbers in each of the countries.

In each country different sources were required to build a postal address list of publishers, and the Open Society Institutes in each country were able to provide substantial assistance in this regard.

A total of 2,306 questionnaires were mailed out.

The response rates in each of the countries obviously differed, but a total response of 780 returned for analysis was achieved.

When compared to typical research projects the response rates are all very high for a number of reasons, and this project has a response rate of 34%. This is in itself an encouraging sign from publishers in the region.

It is believed the good response rates are due to the specific nature of the study, the interest from the respondents, and the Open Society Institutes following up each questionnaire they posted out with a telephone call. The data can therefore be used to define training needs and to assess future training activities in each country.

1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

The main objectives for completing the research were as follows:

• Establish the attitudes towards training of publishers in the region
• Establish the extent to which electronic publishing is undertaken by publishers in the region
• Define the extent to which publishers feel publishing training is needed, and in which business disciplines it is most required
• Define the extent to which electronic publishing training is a priority in the region
• Produce data on the publishing industry which is internationally comparable, and which will provide a benchmark of the state of the publishing sector in the region

Users of the data should therefore be able to define better the segments in the publishing industry in the region, and position themselves better to grow the market with this knowledge.

1.4 USE OF RESULTS

The European Commission who have provided funding for the project, will be using the data, report and recommendations to assess the possibilities of providing financial assistance to publishers in Central and Eastern Europe in order to enhance the building of an Information Society within the Union.

It is assumed that the countries involved in the project will join the EU in the medium or long term. Consequently the results can be used to enhance knowledge about the new countries in order to coordinate transnational projects.

A further use of the data is by publishers themselves and by the Open Society Institute as a tool for decision-making. This is the first definitive survey of publishers’ activities in Central and Eastern Europe and is data which can be interpreted to define transnational publishing and subsequent training needed.

1.5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

There are a significant number of results that have come out of the research. Those that are most significant are likely to refer to individual countries or to come about as a result of comparison between data sets. As such this executive summary is limited to findings relating to Romania only.

The key findings of the research are:

• Criteria used to measure the extent to which an Information Society exists points to an infant stage of development of the Information Society in Eastern Europe.
• Local control over key industries necessary for the Information Society is being reconfigured through privatisation, and it is possible control of some sectors of the economy will pass into foreign hands.
• There is evidence that the publishing sector in the region has restructured during the last decade, and such prioritisation of electronic publishing that exists is taking place within a wider context of change.
• There is also some evidence to suggest that moves by publishers towards involvement in electronic publishing are contingent upon wider restructuring within their markets. Factors such as lack of market and piracy affect the demand for electronic products, and exacerbating the difficulty are supply side issues such as low spending on training, skills shortages amongst staff, and lack of access to finance.
• The most significant sector for publishing in Central and Eastern Europe is the education sector (History/Social Science/Academic/STM/Textbooks). This is measured by the number of publishers involved in publishing each genre.

• Electronic publishing (Internet and CD-Rom) is primarily confined to the Educational market, again implying institutional buying.

• Expenditure on training is very low. Indeed, almost three quarters of publishers spent under Euro1000 on training in the last year, representing (assuming they employ on average 6 people) around Euro150 each. Again, there is considerable difference between different countries.
• Such training that there is appears to be fairly evenly distributed between non-EU and EU training providers, as well as between trainers in the booktrade and trainers external to it. However, when asked, most publishers feel that it is important that their company has access to training in another country.
• The detailed research analysis shows that it becomes evident that publishers feel that a number of specific fields would benefit from transnational training, whereas a number of others would benefit more from training in their own country.

• The publishers believe the biggest problem experienced in becoming involved in electronic publishing is lack of resources, followed by lack of business partners.
• Supporting this, publishers feel that the biggest threats to electronic publishing are lack of access to finance, and piracy of original copy and texts.
• The lack of current training expenditure is put into further context when publishers say that they feel strongly that their staff will have to change their working methods and roles. Interestingly it is sales and marketing and editorial, techniques which the majority of publishers feel will need to change the most as EU integration develops.
• The fact that publishers would spend any additional funds on new products reveals a belief that essentially they are operating correctly and efficiently, and that growth would best be achieved by expanding output.

• Publishers agree with the statement that they would grow faster if they were to publish through new media.
• Although English enjoys dominance in terms of foreign languages, the majority of electronic publishers publish in their own language revealing a strong degree of cultural diversity in the electronic publishing sector.
• Finally, a significant proportion of publishers’ express and interest in electronic publishing, either by saying it is a priority, or by or by saying that they would be plan to publish electronically relatively soon. However this is to be contrasted with the low proportions of publishers currently involved in electronic publishing. This gap is best explained with reference to the publishers saying that lack of access to finance and lack of resources are a problematic.

1.6 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS

Publishers in the region were initially researched through the Qualitative research about the issues involved in publishing training, as well as their experiences with, and attitudes towards, transnational training and electronic publishing.

The findings of this stage of the research assisted further development of the questionnaire for the Quantitative research, and the bulk of the findings do indeed support the findings of the Quantitative stage.

It was for instance evident that the degree to which a publisher perceived multimedia training as important was a reflection on their abilities to present themselves in the market. Caution was the key word within the multimedia publishing industry, and the inability to deal with piracy a major concern.

Overall, the Qualitative research was used to assess methods to ensure that the quantitative research would be successful, and addressed the perceptions of the publishers in Eastern and Central Europe.

1.7 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS

The Quantitative findings of EPTNIS II are substantial and in depth. They have been presented as tabulations, and several cross tabulations of questions were specified.

It should be noted that this survey, with 780 completed responses, represents the most extensive survey into the publishing sector ever completed in the CEEC. As such, the data in this report are highly significant statistically. So too, in Romania, the data represents the most comprehensive picture of the industry yet produced to assess training.

The following are the results of the research.

6.7.1 CURRENT MATERIAL PUBLISHED

Of the total sample of 780 publishers, 621 (80%) are currently publishing only in print. 18% are publishing both print and electronically, and just over 1% are publishing only electronically.

In Romania 80% of publishers publish material in print, 18% both electronically and in print, and 2% electronically. Romania is therefore a relatively typical example of the structure of the output of the publishing industry in Eastern and Central Europe, although with a lower proportion of electronic publishers than average.

6.7.2 GENRE CURRENTLY PUBLISHED

In terms of the most commonly published genre in Romania, History and Social Science is the most common, with 73% of publishers saying that they publish this genre.

This is followed by Literature which is published by 62% of publishers. Academic material and Biography titles are published by 60% of publishers.

Mind, Body and Spirit titles are published by 57% of publishers, and this is considerably higher than the average across CEEC.

Children’s material is published by 53% of publishers, and Science, Technical and Medical titles, and Other titles are published by 48% of publishers.

Language titles are published by 37% of publishers, Textbooks by 33%, Fiction by 28%, and Business and Management by 23%.

Maps/Atlases and Travel Guides are published by 15% of publishers.

Food and Drink titles are published by 12% of publishers, and Computer Software titles are also published by 12% of respondents.

Cinema and TV titles are published by 5% of publishers, and Sports titles by 3%

Romanian publishers are generally more likely to publish popular mainstream genre such as literature than publishers in other countries, but less likely to publish specialist genre. This indicates a low degree of specialisation within the industry in Romanian.

1.8 PLAN TO PUBLISH

For the majority of genres, respondents as a whole do not plan to increase the range of their output. Generally publishers say they plan to publish similar genres to those they currently publish.

These results are likely to reflect some ambiguity in the question, whereby those currently publishing a genre may not have responded to the suggestion that they plan to publish a genre in the next 2 years because they feel that as they are already doing so it would not be an additional plan to purchase.

1.9 CURRENTLY INVOLVED IN PUBLISHING CD-ROMS

Romanian publishers are currently publishing the mainstream genre such as fiction on CD-ROM or Disk in low numbers.

Publishing of CD-ROM and Disk format titles is predominantly limited to Other titles (10% publishing), Maps/Atlases and Travel Guides (8%), and Children’s titled and Academic material (7%).

Mind, Body and Spirit titles, and Business/management titles are currently being published by 5% of publishers on CD-ROM or Disk.

Technical genre, such as STM, and Business/Management are also produced in low numbers.

Generally Romanian publishers are more likely to be involved in publishing a greater variety of genres on CD-ROM and Disks than publishers in other countries. Overall though the proportions are low, there are a few Romanian companies publishing many titles on CD-ROM or Disk.

1.10 CURRENTLY INVOLVED IN INTERNET PUBLISHING

Romanian publishers which are involved in Internet publishing are most likely to publish Literature (10%).

History/Social Science titles (8%) and Mind, Body, Spirit titles (7%) are also published on the Internet. STM titles are published by 5% of publishers on the Internet, as are Maps/Atlases and Travel Guides, and Children’s titles. All other genre by less than 3% of publishers.

Again this indicates a very small proportion of publishers in Romania are involved in Internet publishing, although some genre are published in limited numbers.

1.11 PLANS TO PUBLISH MULTIMEDIA

50% of publishers say that they are currently unable to get involved in multimedia publishing in the future.

42% of publishers plan to publish electronically within one year, and this is higher than the average.

Currently just 3% of publishers have no plans to get involved in multimedia publishing.

1.12 EU TRAINING PROVIDER

47% of publishers did not mention a training provider in the European Union.

22% say that they use external training consultants.

25% use a training provider within the book trade.

28% use in-house experts.

8% use a training provider external to the book trade.

7% use other EU training providers, lower than the CEEC average of 16%.

1.13 NON EU TRAINING PROVIDER

55% of publishers did not mention a training provider outside the European Union, compared to the average of 59%.

8% say that they use external training consultants.

10% use a training provider within the book trade.

33% use in-house experts, and 2% use a training provider external to the book trade.

10% use other non-EU training providers, compared to an average of 14%.

The general indication then is that the majority of publishers in Eastern and Central Europe do not currently have any provision for training. Interestingly it is those publishers with a concern for electronic publishing that are more likely to participate in training. This may be due to the rapid changes in the field, necessitating the use of external training providers.

The situation in Romania is that the majority of publishers are not engaging in any kind of training, and generally Romanian publishers use a lower amount of training than other publishers in the region, although the use of in-house experts is significantly higher than the average.

1.14 LIKELIHOOD OF CHANGING THESE RESOURCES IN NEXT 2 YEARS

47% of publishers say that they are possibly likely to change their training resources in the next 2 years.

37% say that they are likely to change their resources, far higher than the regional average.

3% say that they are unlikely to change their training resources in the next 2 years.

A further 8% do not know, and 5% have not answered the question.

These results indicate that publishers which prioritise electronic publishing are more likely to change their training resources, and this may be as a result of the inadequacy of present training arrangements.

In terms of the objectives of this project, this distinction between the priorities of the publishers is important as it fits within the context of training in the Information Society.

Romanian publishers are more likely to say that they are likely to change their training resources than publishers in other countries, indicating some dissatisfaction.

1.15 IMPORTANCE OF ACCESS TO TRAINING RESOURCES ABROAD

Respondents were asked to state, on a scale of one to three, the extent to which they feel that it is important that their company has access to training resources in another country. The mean score is 2.62, indicating that overall most Romanian publishers agree strongly that it is important to have access to training resources in another country.

Overall 32% of respondents agree that it is important to some extent that their company’s have access to training resources in another country.

58% believe that it is important to a great extent, compared to 2% who believe that it is not important at all.

7% of respondents do not know.

Romanian publishers are very enthusiastic about the importance of transnational training. This has some significance when recommending countries most suitable for locating training in the CEEC in this regard.

1.16 FIELDS TRANSNATIONAL TRAINING OF MOST BENEFIT

The fields in which transnational publishing training could be most beneficial to the publishers are:

Sales and Marketing (68%, compared to CEEC average of 72%).

Customer service/distribution (70% compared to average of 55%).

Management (67% compared to 44%).

Design (45% compared to 31%)

Financial (38% compared to 25%)

Editor Creative (60% compared to 31%)

Legal/Contractual (30% compared to 32%).

Production (40% compared to 20%)

In all instances those publishers which publish more than 10 titles a year, and all those which prioritise electronic publishing, are more likely overall to believe that transnational training is beneficial to each of these fields.

What is striking in the results is the extent to which Sales and Marketing is revealed as a field in which transnational training would be beneficial to publishers.

Romanian publishers are also more likely to value transnational training more than the average for publishers in the region.

1.17 WHERE TRAINING WOULD BE MOST BENEFICIAL

Publishers were asked to state where they believed training would be most beneficial to their companies.

For Management training, 45% of publishers feel that it would most effectively be carried transnationally, compared to 22% who feel it would be best carried out in Romania. 33% did not answer this question.

For Editor/Creative training, 25% of publishers feel that it would most effectively be carried out in Romania, and a further 40% feel it would be best carried out transnationally. Only 35% of respondents answered this question.

Design training, 32% of publishers feel that it would most effectively be carried out transnationally, compared to 18% who feel it would be best carried out in Romania. 50% did not answer in this case.

For Production training, 25% of publishers feel that it would most effectively be carried out in Romania, and a further 23% feel it would be best carried out transnationally. However 52% of respondents did not answer this question.

For Sales and Marketing training, 32% of publishers feel that it would most effectively be carried out transnationally, compared to 42% who feel it would be best carried out in Romania. 27% of respondents did not answer this question.

Conversely, for Legal/Contractual training, 32% of publishers feel that it would most effectively be carried out in Romania, compared to 17% who feel it would be best carried out transnationally. 52% of respondents did not answer this question.

For Financial training 47% of respondents did not answer. Of those that did, 42% believe that training would most effectively be carried out in Bulgaria, compared to just 12% who believe that transnational training is most effective.

For Customer Service and Distribution training 42% of respondents felt that training in Romania would be most effective, and a further 32% feel transnational training would be most effective. A further 27% did not answer this question.

This data shows Romanian publishers are heavily in favour of transnational training in certain fields, but far less interested for others.

1.18 SPEED OF GROWTH THROUGH NEW MEDIA

Publishers were asked whether they felt that their company would grow faster if it were to publish through the new media.

On a scale of 1-5, the mean score is 4.47, indicating strong agreement with the statement that a publisher would grow faster if it were to publish through new media.

1.19 LENGTH OF TIME ELECTRONICALLY PUBLISHING

Of those publishers that have been publishing electronically, 5% have been electronically publishing for over 2 years, compared to the average across all the countries of 24%.

21% have been electronically publishing for between 1 and 2 years, 11% for between 6 months and a year, and 32% for under 6 months.

32% of respondents did not answer the question.

Within Romania, publishers that are publishing electronically are likely to have been doing so for less time than publishers in other countries, indicating a new sector.

1.20 FOREIGN LANGUAGES PUBLISHED IN ELECTRONICALLY

89% of those publishers that have been publishing electronically publish in Romanian.

68% publish in English, 32% in German, 11% in other Eastern European languages. A minority publish in another languages. 42% publish in another Western European language.

All respondents answered this question.

1.21 FOCUS OF ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING

11% of electronic publishers focus on the Business market, and 53% on the Educational market for their electronic publishing. 16% of publishers focus on the Consumer market.

32% of respondents did not mention the focus of their publishing.

1.22 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN BECOMING INVOLVED IN ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING

By far the biggest difficulty encountered by publishers in becoming involved in electronic publishing is a lack of resources for electronic publishing. This is encountered by 53% of Romanian publishers.

37% suffer from a lack of staff knowledge, 32% suffer from a lack of business partners for electronic publishing and from a lack of hardware.

Other issues are less of a significant problem for electronic publishers.

Romanians electronic publishers experience a wider range of problems in becoming involved in electronic publishing than do publishers in other countries.

1.23 EXTENT TO WHICH FACTORS ARE A THREAT TO PUBLISHING

The extent to which different factors are a threat to electronic publishers is measured on a scale of 1-3, where 3 represents an important threat, and 1 is not a threat.

In ranked order the most threatening factors for electronic publishers are:

Lack of access to finance (2.79, CEEC average is 2.62)

Piracy (2.41, CEEC average is 2.60)

Lack of market (2.33, CEEC average is 2.38)

Lack of technical skills (2.08, average 2.03)

Lack of business skills (1.97, average 2.11)

International competition from EU (1.68, average 1.94)

Other factors (1.67, average 1.74)

International competition from non EU states (1.50, average 1.67)

Domestic competition (1.37, average 1.70)

It is evident that the first factors are considerably more important to the publishers than the other factors. This is the case for all countries in the region.

1.24 EXTENT OF STAFF CHANGE REQUIRED

Publishers were asked to rate the extent to which they will have to change their working methods to meet the challenges of multimedia in the future.

Overall on a score of 1-3, where 1 is not at all, and 3 is a great extent, Romanian respondents gave an average of 2.58, showing that they feel that they would have to change to meet the challenges of multimedia.

57% of respondents state that their staff would have to change a great extent, 32% to some extent, and 7% not at all.

Romanian publishers are amongst the publishers who most feel that their staff will have to change to meet the challenges of multimedia.

Publishers in most of the different countries generally believe their staff will have to change to some extent.

1.25 WAYS IN WHICH STAFF WILL HAVE TO CHANGE TO PUBLISH ELECTRONICALLY

72% of publishers state that their staff would have to develop more experience with multimedia in the future to publish electronically in the future.

22% of publishers feel that they need better working methods between IT and Editorial, which is higher than the average.

40% feel that their staff need to become more aware of market opportunities, again, higher than the CEEC average.

1.26 LEVEL OF PERSONNEL AT WHICH THERE IS A NEED TO CHANGE OR IMPROVE SKILLS TO PUBLISH ELECTRONICALLY

In Romania, 60% of publishers say that they believe Sales and Marketing need to change or improve their skills to publish electronically.

50% of publishers say that they believe that Editorial Creative staff need to change or improve their skills. 45% also say Management need to change or improve.

42% say that Customer Service/Distribution staff need to change or improve their skills.

47% say Production need to change or improve, again this is lower than the regional average.

42% say Design need to change or improve, lower than the regional average.

42% say Financial need to change or improve, and 18% Legal/Contractual. 7% did not mention any areas.

Overall Romanians are more likely to believe that most fields of publishing in Romania need to change more than publishers in other countries.

1.27 WAYS IN WHICH STAFF ARE CURRENTLY INCORPORATING NEW SKILLS

Currently most publishers (58%) are incorporating new skills by on the job training, and 62% recruit staff with skills.

38% train existing staff internally.

8% train existing staff externally.

5% incorporate new skills through other means.

1.28 LIKELIHOOD OF THIS CHANGING

58% of publishers say that this is likely to change in the next 2 years, 30% do not know, and 8% say it is unlikely to change. Romanians are therefore more likely to believe that their means of incorporating new skills are likely to change than publishers in other countries.

1.29 COMPANY OWNERSHIP

When asked whether they felt that the ownership of their company would remain the same over the next 2 years 87% say that they do expect it to remain the same.

8% do not know, and just 2% expect a change.

1.30 SPENDING PRIORITIES

Respondents were given a hypothetical question, and asked to say how they would spend Euro25,000 if they were given it to spend. Their answers are ranked according to the mean score of their answers on a scale of 1-3.

In first place, most say that they would spend additional resources on staff training (mean 2.51), followed by new products (mean 2.50). This is followed by spending on acquisitions (2.43), then marketing (2.42), and capital goods (2.39).

Then the priority for spending is on market research (2.38), and advertising (mean 2.36), and finally management consultancy (2.16).

Priority for spending on acquisitions is higher than the average across the countries.

It is interesting here that information supply fields, such as management consultancy and market research, score poorly, compared to the score of spending on new products, capital goods, training and marketing.

1.31 MEMBERSHIP OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

90% of Romanian publishers view membership of the European Union as an advantage, compared to just 2% who view it as a threat.

5% don’t know.

This is significantly different from publishers in other countries, who are less likely to view membership of the EU as an advantage.

1.32 CURRENT STRENGTHS IN PUBLISHING

When asked to state what they perceived their strengths to be in their current publishing, publishers state one particular strength.

An established company reputation is mentioned by 87% of publishers.

Lower prices than competitors is mentioned by 67% of publishers, and specialist lists are mentioned by 65% of publishers.

Other strengths which are considered important are: higher quality than competitors (38%), knowledge of the market (40%), good distribution (35%), a wide choice of publications (28%).

Romanian publishers are relatively typical of publishers in the region, although they are considerably more likely to view their company’s reputation as an advantage.

1.33 EXTENT TO WHICH ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING IS A PRIORITY

47% of publishers say that electronic publishing is a priority to some extent, and 35% say it is a priority to a great extent.

17% of publishers say that electronic publishing is not a priority at all.

On a scale of 1-3 the mean is 2.19.

It is worth remembering that the survey has focused on general publishers, and has not sought out electronic publishers, nor does it include software houses who may have an electronic publishing agenda.

Romanian publishers are more likely to prioritise electronic publishing than other publishers in other countries.

1.34 ATTITUDES OF PUBLISHERS

It was important for the project to assess the extent to which publishers in the region perceived their businesses in the light of change. To this end publishers were asked to state their opinions towards various statements.

1.35 ATTITUDES OF PUBLISHERS – KEY PLAYER

When asked if they are a key player in their market, 43% of publishers say that they are to a great extent, and 43% say they are to some extent. 5% say they are not at all.

Overall the mean score on a scale of 1-3 is 2.42, indicating strong agreement.

1.36 ATTITUDES OF PUBLISHERS - VULNERABILITY

37% of publishers say that they are not at all vulnerable to foreign involvement in their market. Only 7% say they are vulnerable to a great extent, and 42% say they are to some extent.

The mean score is 1.65, indicating that most Romanian publishers are relatively confident that they are not vulnerable. This reinforces the strong positive sentiment in the publishing sector in CEEC as a whole.

1.37 ATTITUDES OF PUBLISHERS – NEED TRAINING

40% of publishers say that to some extent they need training, and a further 48% say that they need training for some skills to a great extent. None say that they did not need any training for any skills at all.

The mean is 2.55, indicating agreement that training is needed for some skills.

Romanian publishers are more certain of the need for training than publishers in other countries.

1.38 ATTITUDES OF PUBLISHERS – GROWTH

53% of publishers are confident to some extent that they will grow next year. 32% are confident to a great extent that they will grow next year.

5% of publishers feel that they will not grow at all next year.

The mean in Romania is 2.30, compared to a CEEC average of 2.13.

1.39 ATTITUDES OF PUBLISHERS – REFLECTOR OF COUNTRY’S ECONOMY

42% of publishers agree to some extent that they are an accurate reflector of their countries economy. A further 25% agree to a great extent that they are an accurate reflector of their countries economy, compared to 20% who feel that they are not an accurate reflection at all.

The mean is 2.06, indicating strong agreement that publishers are an accurate reflection of Romania’s economy.

1.40 CLASSIFICATION

6.41 LENGTH OF TIME IN PUBLISHING

53%, of publishers have worked in publishing for between 5 and 10 years. 13% have worked in publishing for between 11 and 20 years, and 20% for over 20 years.

Just 8% have worked in publishing for less than 5 years.

1.42 NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES

48% of publishers have less than 10 staff, 23% of publishers have between 11 and 30 staff, 10% between 31 and 50, 8% between 51 and 100. A further 7% have over 100 staff.

Romanian publishers tend to be above average sized in the region.

1.43 NUMBER OF COMPUTERS

67% of publishers have less than 10 computers, while 17% have between 11 and 20.

8% of publishers have between 21 and 50 computers, and 3% have over 50 computers.

1.44 OWNERSHIP

78% of publishers are independent, 10% are state owned but ‘independent.’

8% of publishers are part of an international group.

1.45 GENDER OF RESPONDENT

67% of the respondents are male, and 33% female.

1.46 AGE OF RESPONDENTS

63% of the respondents are aged between 35 and 54, with 10% under 34 and 27% over 55.

1.47 EXPENDITURE ON TRAINING

38% of publishers say that they spent nothing on training last year, whilst another 25% spent less than Euro250.

12% of publishers spent between Euro250 and Euro1000, and a 5% spent between Euro1000 and Euro5000. 11% spent over Euro5000, and most of this between Euro5000 and Euro15000. A further 2% receive government or external funding.

Romanian publishers therefore spend less money on training than average.

1.48 LOCATION OF EXPENDITURE

62% say that none of this expenditure was spent outside their country, although this includes those publishers that spend nothing on training (38%).

17% say that they spent up to 25% of their expenditure abroad, 2% spent between 26% and 50% of their training expenditure abroad. 3% of publishers say that they spent between 51% and 75% of their training expenditure abroad, and 7% say that they spent over 75% of their training expenditure abroad.

10% did not answer.

1.49 ANNUAL TURNOVER

There was a wide distribution of turnover for publishers in the last year.

18% had a turnover of less than Euro10,000, and a further 20% had a turnover between Euro10,000 and Euro30,000. 8% had a turnover between Euro31,000 and Euro50,000, 18% between Euro51,000 and Euro100,000.

15% had a turnover between Euro100,000 and Euro300,000, 3% between Euro300,000 and Euro500,000. 7% have a turnover between Euro500,000 and Euro1m. 7% have a turnover above Euro1m.

Again, for publishers with a turnover of more than Euro100,000, more of them are likely to be publishing over 10 titles a year, and to prioritise electronic publishing.

Bulgarian publishers have average turnover for publishers in the region, but are more likely to have publishers with a turnover between Euro51000 and Euro100000.

1.50 LOCATION OF PUBLISHER

Publishers are located in 9 countries of Central and Eastern Europe. They are slightly more likely to come from either Hungary, Czech or Poland, reflecting the larger publishing industry in these countries.

1.51 OWNERSHIP OF PUBLISHER

72% of publishers have none of their company owned by the state.

12% have over 75% owned by the state, with 4% in between.

13% of respondents did not answer this question.

1.52 PROPORTION FOREIGN OWNED

65% of publishers say that none of their company was foreign owned, 2% said that more than 75% was foreign owned, with 7% in between. 27% did not answer this question.

This may reflect lack of knowledge about the financial ownership of the company, and this may be exacerbated by the difficulties caused by transition to the free market, or it may simply be due to the sensitivity of the information that publishers are reluctant to divulge it.

1.53 NUMBER OF TITLES PUBLISHED A YEAR

15% of publishers publish less than 10 titles a year, 37% between and 10 and 30 titles, and 18% between 31 and 60.

13% publish between 60 and 100 titles, and 15% over a 100 titles a year.

Romanian publishers are more likely to produce between 11 and 30 titles a year.

Executive summary

• Bulgaria
• Czech Republic
• Hungary
• Latvia
• Lithuania
• Poland
• Romania
• Slovakia
• Slovenia

policy resources

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