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Kazakhstan
Introduction
In
English
In
Russian
The
Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, The Parliament
The state language
is Kazakh. Both Kazakh and Russian are officially used in state and
local government institutions. The state takes care of learning and
development of the languages of the population of Kazakhstan. Discrimination
on the grounds of language is not allowed. Everyone has the right to
use his native language and freely choose the language of communication,
education and creativity. The President and the deputies of the Senate
and Majelis are required to know the state language. Local legislative
and executive bodies have to guarantee all citizens free learning of
the state language.
In
English
In
Russian (Word for Windows document)
N
151 – 1, Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan On Languages in the Republic
of Kazakhstan, 07/11/97, President N. Nazarbayev
Kazakh is
required for: traditional Kazakh titles (+ transliteration), texts of
governmental seals and stamps; in certain professions (including deputies
of the Senate and Majelis; the President).
Both Kazakh
and Russian are used in: governmental organizations, local government
institutions, documentation of state and governmental institutions,
constitutional documentation, arbitration courts, military, field of
science (including defense of dissertations); names of state institutions,
texts of seals and stamps regardless of the form of ownership, labels
of goods, all texts of visual information.
Either Kazakh
or Russian may be used in postal-telegraphic messages and customs
documentation.
Both Russian
and other languages (if necessary) may be used in localities of
compact residence of ethnic groups in: documentation of non-governmental
institutions, courts, documentation of administrative offences, contracts
of individuals and legal entities, responses of governmental and non-governmental
institutions to requests of citizens, paper forms, information signs,
announcements, advertisements, price catalogs and lists; pre-school
institutions, orphanages; high, vocational and higher education; cultural
events; press, radio and TV programs (amount of broadcasting in Kazakh
must be not lesser than in other languages. For non-numerous and not
compactly residing ethnic groups: classes, extracurricular activities,
Sunday schools.
In Russian (Word
for Windows document)
N
2995, Order On the Conception of the Formation of State Identity of the
Republic of Kazakhstan, 05/23/96, President N. Nazarbayev
The state has to
take care of learning and developing the languages of the Kazakhstan’s
population. Discrimination on the basis of not knowing the state or
other languages is not allowed. Voluntary learning of the state language
is to be stimulated, its role increased. Practical work must be transferred
to periphery.
In Russian (Word
for Windows document)
N
2694, Constitutional Decree On Courts and the Status of Judges in the
Republic of Kazakhstan, 12/20/95, President N. Nazarbayev
Both Kazakh and
Russian are official in the courts of the Republic; the language of
the majority residing in the given locality may also be used.
In Russian (Word
for Windows document)
N
2368, Decree On Customs in the Republic of Kazakhstan, 07/20/95, President
N. Nazarbayev
Either Kazakh or
Russian may be used in customs documentation.
In Russian (Word
for Windows document)
N
1, Model Contract On State Support for Investment in Priority Sectors
of Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 03/21/97, State Committee of
the Republic of Kazakhstan on Investments
The given contract
has to be in Kazakh and Russian for the investor of Kazakhstan; in Kazakh
or Russian and English - for a foreign investor. In both cases the documents
have equal juridical power.
In Russian (Word
for Windows document)
N
2737, Order On the Constitutional Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan,
12/29/95, President N. Nazarbayev
Either Kazakh or
Russian may be used in constitutional documentation; translation into
other languages is guaranteed.
In Russian (Word
for Windows document)
Law
of the Republic of Kazakhstan On Education, 01/18/92, The Parliament
Educational institutions
have to take part in active learning, use and development of the Kazakh
as a state language throughout the territory of the Republic as well
as grant free learning of Russian.
Numerous and compactly
residing ethnic minorities must be granted the conditions for founding
state or state-supported educational institutions; for conducting lessons
in their native language.
For non-numerous
and not compactly residing ethnic groups classes, extracurricular activities
and Sunday schools may be founded.
In Russian (Word
for Windows document)
N
108, Decision On the Procedure of Making of a Model Contract for Operations
for Extracting Natural Resources, 01/27/1997, The Government
The given contract
has to be in Kazakh and Russian (other languages) and all copies are
identical. The contracting parties may decide on the language of communication.
In Russian (Word
for Windows document)
Law
of the Republic of Kazakhstan On the Internal Military Forces of the Interior
Ministry of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 06/23/92, The Parliament
Orders and documentation
in the military as well as official correspondence must be performed
in the state language as well as the language of international communication.
In Russian (Word
for Windows document)
Law
of the Republic of Kazakhstan On the Procedure of Settling of Economic
Disputes by Arbitration Courts of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 02/17/92,
The Parliament
Documentation in
arbitration courts of the Republic has to be performed in Kazakh and
Russian. Individuals who do not know either of the languages have the
right to get acquainted with the case and take part in the actions of
the arbitration court with the help of translator; to speak in his native
language.
In Russian (Word
for Windows document)
N
343, Order "On the Implementation of the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan
On Languages in the Republic of Kazakhstan, 05/04/98, Minister B. Muhamedjanov
Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan
All acts of the
Ministry have to be passed in the state language (along with the translation
into Russian). Documentation has to be performed in both Kazakh and
Russian languages. Responses to the requests of citizens and organizations
have to be in Kazakh or in the language of interethnic communication.
Seals and stamps have to bear titles only in Kazakh. Free learning of
the state language has to be guaranteed to the employees of the Ministry
and the judiciary. Postal-telegraphic messages within the boundaries
of the Republic may be in Kazakh and Russian.
In Russian (Word
for Windows document)
N
51, Decision On the Implementation of the State Program for Development
of the Kazakh and Other Ethnic Languages in the Republic of Kazakhstan
until the Year 2000, 01/21/92, The Cabinet of Ministers
Regional and city
governments are to guarantee the use of Kazakh as the state language;
to present timetable for introducing Kazakh in official documentation;
to employ Kazakh translators in official institutions; renew country-wide
teaching of Kazakh. Creation of the Foundation for Development of Languages
to be fostered. Ministry of Labor is to present the list of job positions
in which the knowledge of Kazakh and Russian is required. Ministries
of Education, of Publishing and Information and the Academy of Science
are to provide educational institutions with readers and methodical
literature in Kazakh, to expand issuing Kazakh dictionaries and learning
materials. Ministry of Justice is to prepare the rules for declaring
the languages of ethnic groups as official in places of their compact
residence.
In Russian (Word
for Windows document)
Treaty
Between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan on the Legal
Status of the Citizens of the Russian Federation, permanently residing
in the Territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and the Citizens of the
Republic of Kazakhstan, Permanently Residing in the Territory of the Russian
Federation, 01/20/95, Moscow
In English
In Russian (Word
for Windows document)
Kyrgyzstan
Introduction
In
English
In Russian
(Word for Windows
document)
The
Constitution of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan
05/05/93, Supreme
Soviet (Parliament of the Kyrgyz SSR)
Declares Kyrgyz
language as the state language of the republic.
In
English
Law
of the Kyrgyz SSR On State Language of the Kyrgyz SSR,
09/23/89,
Supreme Soviet of the Kyrgyz SSR
Establishes Kyrgyz
language as a state language. The Law contains 40 articles dealing with
rights of citizens to choose/use language and guarantees for protection
of such rights, establishing frameworks for operation of the state language
in public authorities, enterprises, institutions, in spheres of education,
science and culture, administration of justice. Regulates use of language
in names and also in mass media. Special chapter for protection of the
state language. Russian is provided with the status of the language
of interethnical communication; also can be used in all above-mentioned
spheres.
In
Russian (Word
for Windows document)
Resolution
On Entering into Force of the Law of the Kyrgyz SSR On State Language
of the Kyrgyz SSR, 09/23/89, Supreme Soviet of the Kyrgyz SSR
Provides for the
procedure of entering into force of the Law. Sets the special terms
in respect to operation of the state language:
1) 1989-1998 -
transitional period, when Russian and other languages can be used together
with the state language;
2) 01/01/1999 -
full operation of the state language.
Obliges Council
of Ministers to allocate special funds for the financing arrangements,
foreseen by the language policy, to create conditions for learning the
state language, to start issuing documents in the state language, etc.
In
Russian (Word
for Windows document)
Decree
#120 On Measures On Migration Processes Regulation in the Kyrgyz Republic,
06/14/94, President of the Kyrgyz Republic
Recognizes the
language issue as one of the reasons of emigration, therefore, provides
Russian with the status of official language in those entities, where
majority of members are Russian-speakers, also in those spheres, where
use of Russian is "inevitable" - health care, technical sciences, etc.
Obliges the Government
to reconsider the staff recruitment policy with the aim of fair representation
of Russian-speaking population in the governmental agencies, administrations
of public enterprises and institutions; to reconsider the schedule of
switching to the state language in public administration, etc.
Decision
on Amending Article 5 of the Constitution of Kyrgyz Republic, 06/06/96,
Constitutional Court of the Kyrgyz Republic
Gives the opinion
on possibility of amending Article 5 of the Constitution in order to
provide the status of official language to Russian.
Decree
#21 On Further Development of the State Language of the Kyrgyz Republic,
01/20/98, President of the Kyrgyz Republic
Introduces a new
concept of development of the state language with the creation of the
special agency for its implementation - National Commission on the State
Language under the auspices of the President, establishes the Fund for
Development of the State Language, obliges the Government to allocate
money for that in the republican budget.
Addendum
#1 to the Decree #21 Concept of the Development of the State Language
of the Kyrgyz Republic, 01/20/98, President of the Kyrgyz Republic
Introduces a new
concept, which includes special strategies and priorities for development
of the state language. Strategy - to create special conditions for learning
language by the population at large with the particular attention on
youth population.
Priorities set
up those conditions necessary for carrying out the strategy - improvement
of the legislation, undertaking special programs in order to improve
the quality of teaching the state language, support for public broadcasting,
publications in state language, propaganda of state language, etc.
Addendum #2 to
the Decree #21, Regulations on the National Commission on the State
Language under the President of the Kyrgyz Republic, 01/20/98, President
of the Kyrgyz Republic
Provides the powers,
tasks and function of the National Commission, its structure.
Addendum
#3 to the Decree #21, On Composition of the National Commission on the
State Language, 01/20/98, President of the Kyrgyz Republic
Provides the composition
of the National Commission - 21 members
Treaty
between the Russian Federation and Kyrgyz Republic On Legal Status of
Citizens of the Russian Federation Permanently Residing on the Territory
of the Kyrgyz Republic, and of Citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic Residing
Permanently on the Territory of the Russian Federation, 10/15/95, Bishkek
In
Russian (Word
for Windows document)
Law
of the Russian Federation On Ratification of the Treaty between the Russian
Federation and the Kyrgyz Republic On Legal Status of Citizens of the
Russian Federation Permanently Residing on the Territory of the Kyrgyz
Republic, and of Citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic Residing Permanently
on the Territory of the Russian Federation, 03/19/97, adopted by State
Duma on February 21, 1997, approved by the Council of Federation
In
Russian (Word
for Windows document)
Tajikistan
The
Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan
In English
Turkmenistan
The
Constitution of the Republic of Turkmenistan
Article 13 declares
Turkmen as the state language and provides for the right of all citizens
to us their native languages
In English
Law
of the Turkmen SSR On Language, 05/20/90, Supreme Soviet of the Turkmen
SSR
Establishes Turkmen
language as a state language. The Law contains 36 articles dealing with
rights of citizens to choose/use language and guarantees for protection
of such rights, establishing frameworks for operation of the state language
in public authorities, enterprises, institutions, in spheres of education,
science and culture, administration of justice. Regulates use of language
in names and also in mass media. Special chapter for protection of the
state language. Russian is provided with the status of the language
of interethnical communication; also can be used in all above-mentioned
spheres. Articles 5, 6, 7, 8,17, 20, 21 and 23 contain special terms
of final switching into state language in different spheres of social
life.
In
Russian (Word
for Windows document)
Resolution
On Transition to the New Alphabet of Turkmen Language in Educational Institutions,
09/29/94, President of Turkmenistan
Secures the transition
to the new Turkmen alphabet in primary and secondary school beginning
from 1995/96 academic year. Obliges the Ministry of Education, the Publishing
Committee and the Ministry of Trade and Resources to arrange preparation
and publishing textbooks in new alphabet, obliges the Ministry of Education
and the State Professional Training Association "Senet" to start gradual
transition, beginning from the January 1, 1996, to the new alphabet
in all educational and professional training institutions, with a special
attention to preparation of respective curricula and appropriate training
of teachers and professors. Obliges the Ministry of Economy and Finance
to allocate funds for the program. The overall supervision powers over
the program are given to the State organizational Committee, created
to implement the program.
In
Russian (Word
for Windows document)
The
Agreement between the Russian Federation and Turkmenistan on the Legal
Status of Russian Citizens, Permanently Resident in the Territory of Turkmenistan,
and Citizens of Turkmenistan, Permanently Residing in the Territory of
the Russian Federation, Signed by the Plenipotentiary Representatives
of the States, to be ratified by the Parliaments of both States on 05/18/95
Made on the basis
of the CIS Convention on Legal Aid and Co-operation, signed on 01/22/95.
Regulates the legal status of citizens of one State, permanently residing
in the territory of another. Establishes rules on issuance of special
documents, proving the special status of this category of residents;
provides for the limitation on employment in governmental agencies and
participation in elections and referenda, regulates their rights in
social and economic spheres, regulates their military service obligations,
etc. The Agreement to be in force for 10 years. To be ratified by Parliaments.
The Russian Federal Assembly ratified it on 11/25/96
In
Russian (Word
for Windows document)
Uzbekistan
The
Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan
Article 4 declares
Uzbek as the state language. The Republic of Uzbekistan ensures a respectful
attitude towards the languages, customs, and traditions of the nationalities
and peoples living on its territory and ensures conditions for their
development.
In English
In
Russian (Word
for Windows document)
Law
of the Republic of Uzbekistan On the State Language in the Republic of
Uzbekistan, 12/21/95, The Parliament
Uzbek is
required for: texts of governmental seals and stamps; texts in the paper
forms of institutions, organizations, public unions; names of administrative-territorial
units, streets, squares, geographic objects of the Republic.
Uzbek and Russian
(if necessary) are used in: notaries.
Translation
from Uzbek (if necessary) is performed in: legislative acts; documents
and works of the state and governmental institutions; the courts.
Uzbek and other
languages (if necessary) are used in: documentation of individual’s
identity and rights; publishing; postal-telegraphic messages; information
signs, announcements, advertisements, price catalogs and lists and other
visual or verbal information; legal and financial documentation and
accounting.
Uzbek and other
languages (in localities of compact residence of ethnic groups)
are used in: documents of local government institutions, pre-school
institutions.
Uzbek and other
languages are used in: radio and TV programs; labels of goods; instructions;
requests of citizens to governmental organizations, institutions and
public unions; secondary, special secondary, technical and higher education.
Any language
may be used in: everyday life, interpersonal relations, writing names,
performing religious and cult practice.
Comments:
Art. 14 of the present law grants the right to issue requests to the
governmental organizations, institutions and public unions in both Uzbek
and other languages. However, this provision does not specify whether
the individuals have a right to receive a reply in both Uzbek
and other languages.
In
Russian (Word
for Windows document)
Law
of the Republic of Uzbekistan on the State Language, 10/21/89, No.3561-XI
In
Russian (Word
for Windows document)
Differences
between the Law on the State Language of 1989 and the Law on the State
Language of 1995
- The Law of 1989
begins with an introduction that stresses the importance of a language.
The 1995 Law provides only specific, concrete provisions without statements
of general nature.
- The Law of 1989
states that the provisions of this law do not regulate the usage of
language in the military. The Law of 1995 does not provide this possibility.
- The 1989 Law guarantees
the development and free usage of the Russian language as a language
of international communication. The 1995 Law does not single out Russian.
- The 1989 Law grants
the right to issue requests to the governmental and public organizations
and receive replies in the state language. The 1995 Law mentions only
the right to issue requests in Uzbek, but does not grant the right to
receive replies in the state language.
- For a job in the
service sphere, the 1989 Law requires a sufficient for their obligations
knowledge of the state language. The 1995 Law does not provide such
a requirement.
- The 1989 Law provides
that the scientific works can be defended in Russian and other languages.
The 1995 Law does not contain such a provision.
- The 1995 Law states
that texts of seals and stamps have to be in the state language, whereas
the 1989 Law provides that there must also be copies of such texts in
Russian.
Decree
On Entering into Force of the Law on State Language of the Republic of
Uzbekistan in new Reading, 12/21/95, Head of Oliy Majelis of the republic
of Uzbekistan Halilov, No. 168-I
In
Russian (Word
for Windows document)
Order
On Amendments and Complements in the State Program on Realization of the
Law On the State Language in the Uzbek Soviet Republic, 09/10/96, The
Prime Minister K.Karimov
The Law "On
the State Language in the Uzbek Soviet Republic" has to be amended.
The ministries, governmental committees, associations, concerns, corporations
and authorities must take measures to implement this state program on
language policy. The State Commission on introducing the Uzbek alphabet
is in control of the implementation of the given order.
In
Russian (Word
for Windows document)
Decree
On Entering into Force of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan On State
Language, 10/21/89, No. 3563 – XI, Supreme Council of the Republic of
Uzbekistan
In
Russian (Word
for Windows document)
The
State Program on Granting the Implementation of the Law of the Republic
of Uzbekistan On the State Language, Attachment to the decree of the Council
of Ministers of Uzbek SSR of 02/19/90 No 101 (in edition of Decree of
Cabinet of Ministers of 09/10/96 No 311 )
Extracts:
- to begin the
implementation of the amended Law on the State Language (mainly given
to the discretion of the commisions, especially the commision on the
introduction of a new Uzbek alphabet, based on the Latin script);
- to perform the
explanatory and propaganda work among the population on the introduction
of the Law on the State Language;
- to publish in
mass circulation the "Comments on the Law on the State Language" in
both Uzbek and Russian;
- to annually celebrate
the Day of Uzbek Language;
- to establish
a foundation of pedagogical programmatic means for teaching the Uzbek
language with the use of computers;
- to introduce
the automatic translation systems of scientific-technical texts in foreign
languages into Uzbek;
- to expand the
teaching of Uzbek in pre-school institutions and all types of secondary
schools;
- to expand the
training of qualified Uzbek language teachers for the higher education
institutions;
- to perfect the
study plans and programs as well as readers and methods for teaching
the Uzbek language in pedagogic universities preparing Uzbek teachers
for non-Uzbek schools;
- to expand teaching
of Uzbek as a basic subject in the study plans and programs for all
kinds of non-Uzbek schools and higher education institutions;
- to grant the
practical help to the Uzbek population residing outside Uzbekistan in
obtaining the educational-methodical, fiction and scientific-technical
literature in the Uzbek language;
- to grant free
teaching of Uzbek language for all citizens of Uzbekistan who do not
speak Uzbek, regardless of the type of their activity and job position;
- to perfect the
work of the Uzbek language departments of higher education institutions
and to supply them with qualified personnel;
- to create original
readers on the Uzbek language for the educational institutions of Uzbekistan;
- to elaborate
and implement methods of intensive teaching of the Uzbek language and
to publish the Uzbek language phrase-book;
- to organize annual
the Olympics on the Uzbek language for the schoolchildren and students
of all nationalities;
- to create conditions
for learning the Uzbek alphabet based on Arabic script;
- to constantly
organize national and inter-regional conferences on teaching the Uzbek
language;
- to publish the
legislative documents in Uzbek and, if necessary, in other languages;
- to provide for
the adoption and promulgation of the documents of local governmental
institutions in Uzbek and other languages in the places of compact residence
of other nationalities;
-to introduce the
statistical-financial documentation in Uzbek as well as in Russian.
In
Russian (Word
for Windows document)
Law
of the Republic of Uzbekistan On Amendments and Complements to the Law
On State Language of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 12/21/95, President of
Uzbekistan Karimov
In
Russian (Word
for Windows document)
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