Bilateral donors

• Provide country-to-country assistance
• Programs based on strengths, expertise and experience of donor country
• Often consult with government of recipient country
• Time-consuming procedures and decision making

National and local governments

• Are often involved in regulation, oversight, or reform efforts
• Have a political dimension to their work and partnerships
• Can be important for sustainability of initiatives
• Are characterized by time-consuming procedures and decision making

NGOs and foundations

• Vary in mission, status, origin, structure, and funding
• Are often approachable and flexible
• May have local implementation capacity

Universities

• Can provide intellectual resources, institutional infrastructure, and status
• Are sometimes bureaucratic and insular

Private enterprises and businesses

• Are profit-making organizations
• Can be innovative and quick
• Are unlikely partners for long-term programs
• Seek visibility in donor activity

Professional organizations and associations

• Have a communication and dissemination network
• Are attracted by partnerships that advance interests of their membership

Community-based organizations (CBOs)

• Vary in origin, membership, and funding
• May be difficult to find and evaluate in some countries
• Are often stakeholders with high commitment
• Can contribute local credibility
• Require extensive consultation prior to forming partnership

Families and individuals

• Can be labor-intensive to reach large numbers
• May require an intermediary to mobilize