ADELSBERGER, Lucie. Auschwitz: A Doctor’s Story. Translated
from the German by S. Ray, with an introduction by D. Lipstadt, and annotations
and historical advice by A. J. Slavin. Boston: Northeastern University
Press, 1995.
This memoir of a female Jewish Holocaust survivor,
who worked as a physician in the infirmary of the Gypsy Camp at Auschwitz-Birkenau,
describes the conditions faced by the Roma and Jews there.
ARAD, Yitzhak. Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death
Camps. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987.
In this in-depth exploration of the three death
camps set up in 1942-1943 that resulted in the murder of 1.5 million Jews,
the author has a brief chapter on the Roma, “The Extermination of the Gypsies.”
ARAD, Yitzhak, Shmuel Krakowski, and Shmuel Spector, eds. The Einsatzgruppen
Reports: Selections from the Dispatches of the Nazi Death Squads Campaign
Against the Jews in Occupied Territories of the Soviet Union, July 1941-January
1943. New York: Holocaust Library, 1989.
These first-hand accounts of the deadly sweeps
of Einsatzgruppe A, B, C, and D in the first 19 months of the Soviet-German
conflict provide ample information on the Roma.
BAUER, Yehuda. Jews, Gypsies and Slavs: Policies of the Third Reich.
In UNESCO Yearbook on Peace and Conflict Studies. New York and London:
Greenwood, 1985.
This is an account of Nazi atrocities and their
victims, of which the most targeted were Jews, Roma, and Slavs.
BEDNARZ, W. Oboz stracen w Chelmnie. Warsaw: Panstwowy Institut
Wydawniczy, 1946.
This book provides general information about
the genocide wrought at Chelmno and details the extermination of the Roma,
which started in January, 1942 with groups numbering 200-300.
BEHRENDT, Johannes. Die Wahrheit ueber die Zigeuner. NS Partei Korrespondenz
10, no. 3 (1939).
In this article, the author, a physician in the
Office of Racial Hygiene under Hitler, offers that all Gypsies should be
eliminated without hesitation, as a defective element in the population.
BERENBAUM, Michael. The World Must Know: The History of the Holocaust
as Told in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Boston: Little,
Brown and Company, 1993.
This richly illustrated volume provides a solid
overview of the Holocaust, and pays some attention to Romany victimization.
BERNADAC, Christian. L. Holocauste oublie: Le Massacre des Tsiganes.
Paris: Editions France-Empire, 1979.
This extensive study focuses on the mistreatment
of the Roma during the Holocaust, and details total Romany losses in an
appendix. It also includes information on the mistreatment of the Roma
in Europe after the war.
BIESTER, Johann E. Ueber die Zigeuner: besonders im Koenig-reich Preussen.
Berlinische Monatsschrift 21 (1973): pp. 108-65.
This study provides information on the Roma in Prussia, once
an independent state.
BINDING, Karl, and Alfred HOCHE. Die Freigabe der Vernichtung Vernichtung
Lebensunwertesleben. Leipzig: F. Meiner Verlag, 1920.
This work by two racial scientists in the years
immediately after the end of World War I called for the ‘destruction of
lives unworthy of life’. The demands of the lawyer and psychiatrist who
wrote this book caused an uproar in Weimar, Germany, and later had deadly
implications for the Roma and other genocidal victims of the Germans during
the Holocaust.
BLOCK, Martin. Zigeuner: Ihre Leben und Ihre Seele. Leipzig: Bibliographisches
Institut, 1936; Gypsies: Their Life and Customs, translated by Barbara
Kuczybski and Duncan Taylor. New York: Appleton-Century, 1939.
An overview of the Romany presence in Europe,
this work is seriously marred by the author’s conclusion that the Roma
have no history and have made no contribution to Western civilization.
He felt that the Roma were a group to be distrusted and despised. This
volume does have a unique collection of Romany photographs.
BOCK, Gisela. “Racism and Sexism in Nazi Germany.” Signs 8, no.
3 (1983): pp. 400-21.
In this article the author addresses Hitler’s 1933 eugenics
laws against the Roma and other Germans of color, which mandated sterilization
of ‘lives not worthy of life’.
BRANDIS, Emil. Ehegesetze von 1935 erlautet. Berlin, 1936.
The author defends racism against non-Aryans,
showing that in 1935 the Roma, along with Jewish and Black Germans, became
subject to the Nuremberg laws forbidding sexual relations between them
and Aryan-Germans.
BROAD, P. Zigeuner in Auschwitz. Auschwitz-Hefte 9 (1959): pp. 41-2.
This brief article traces the origins of the
Gypsy Family Camp at Auschwitz until its liquidation during the Zigeunernacht
in early August 1944.
CARGAS, Harry James. “The Continuum of Gypsy Suffering.” In Reflections
of a Post-Auschwitz Christian. Wayne State University Press, 1989.
This article looks at the traditional mistreatment
of the Roma in European society and ties such behavior to German Nazi victimization
of this group. He pays particular attention to German practices towards
the Roma in Auschwitz. He concludes with a glance at contemporary prejudices
towards the Roma.
CZECH, Danuta. Auschwitz Chronicle, 1939-1945. From the Archives
of the Auschwitz Memorial and the German Federal Archives. New York: Henry
Holt and Company, 1997.
This comprehensive documentary study is organized
on a day-to-day basis and has numerous references to the Roma in the Auschwitz
complex. This excellent study also has a good bibliography and detailed
biographical sketches of the principle perpetrators at Auschwitz.
CZERNIAKOW, Adam. The Warsaw Diary of Adam Czerniakow. Chelsea,
MI: Scarborough House, 1978.
The diary of the head of the Warsaw ghetto Judenrat
(Jewish Council) has some modest references to the Roma in the ghetto.
Day of Rembrance in Memory of the Gypsy Victims of Nazi Genocide.
Washington, D.C.: United States Holocaust Memorial Council, 1986.
This publication contains the various speeches
and prayers of this memorial service that took place in 1986. Most moving
are the speeches by several prominent Romany scholars and activists such
as Ian Hancock and John Tene. Elie Wiesel provided opening remarks.
DIMRING, Hans-Joachim. Dire Zigeuner im Nationalsozialistischen Staat.
Hamburg: Kriminalistik Verlag, 1964.
This excellent study traces the origins of Nazi
racial policy towards the Roma. The author looks at the evolution and practice
of such policies in several German states and elsewhere, and describes
the plight in Germany of the Sinti, the Roma, the Lalleri, and other Romany
groups during the Holocaust. There is also some discussion of the Holocaust
in the Balkans and the General Government in Poland. He also describes
the role of important Nazi German leaders in the implementation of anti-Romany
policies, and discusses the role of the principle concentration and death
camps.
EZERGAILIS, Andrew. The Holocaust in Latvia, 1941-1944. Riga: The
Historical Institute of Latvia in association with The United States Holocaust
Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C., 1996.
This fresh look at the Holocaust in Latvia is
based on newly available Latvian primary source material as well as more
traditionally available war crimes records, memoirs, and secondary sources.
It has numerous references to the Roma throughout the study.
FICOWSKI, Jerzy, “The Fate of Polish Gypsies.” In Jack Nusan Porter, ed.,
Genocide
and Human Rights: A Global Anthology. Lanham, MD: University Press
of America, 1982.
This essay by one of Poland’s most prominent
Romany scholars traces the history of the Roma in Poland, and their deadly
mistreatment at the hands of the Germans during World War II.
FREIBERG, Dov. Testimony. Yad Vashem Archives, Microfiche A-361.
Along with general information about Nazi mass
killings of the Roma, this witness adds that an unknown number of Roma
are believed to have been killed in Sobibor.
FRIEDLANDER, Saul. “Nazi Germany and the Jews.” Volume I: The Years
of Persecution. New York: HarperCollins, 1997.
This recent study of the plight of the Jews in
Nazi Germany in the years before World War II has a modest section on the
Roma. It looks briefly at the plight of the Roma after the issuance of
the Nuremburg Laws, and the work of Robert Ritter, the Third Reich’s most
prominent Gypsy specialist.
FRIEDMAN, Ina R. The Other Victims: First-Person Stories of Non-Jews
Persecuted by the Nazis. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1990.
This collection of first-person survivor accounts
from non-Jewish victims includes the testimony of Anton Bubili Fojn, an
Austrian Sinti, who now lives in Germany. Arrested as a 15 year-old soon
after the Austrian Anschluss in 1938, Bubuli escaped and fled with his
father first to Yugoslavia, and then to Slovakia. He was later arrested
and sent to Dachau and then to Gusen, a forced labor camp in Austria. In
Gusen, he was instrumental in saving 16 children from certain death.
FRIEDMAN, Philip. “The Extermination of the Gypsies,” In Jack Nusan Porter,
ed., Genocide and Human Rights: A Global Anthology. Washington,
D.C.: University Press of America, 1982.
This essay looks at the evolution of Nazi German
racial policies towards the Roma and efforts by the Roma to gain recognition
of their fate during the Holocaust.
GILBERT, Martin. The Holocaust. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston,
1985.
This overview of the Holocaust, which relies
very heavily on survivor testimony, has quite a bit of information on the
Roma, particularly their experiences in the Lodz ghetto as well as in Chelmno,
Auschwitz, and Mauthausen.
GUTMAN, Yisrael and Michael BERENBAUM, editors. Anatomy of the Auschwitz
Death Camp. Bloomington: Indiana University Press in association with
the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 1994.
This fine collection of essays from prominent
American, Israeli, Polish, and European scholars provides a fresh look
at the inner workings of the sprawling Auschwitz camp network. Yehuda Bauer
has a strong essay on the Roma in Auschwitz, and they are also discussed
in other chapters, particularly those that relate to Josef Mengele’s experiments
with the Roma and twins.
GUTMAN, Israel, ed. Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, 4 vols. New York:
Macmillan, 1989.
The only article on the Roma in this definitive
work is in Volume 2, pp. 634-638. This entry by Yehuda Bauer has a small
bibliography. The Roma are also mentioned in other articles throughout
the rest of the encyclopedia.
HACKETT, David A., editor. The Buchenwald Report. Boulder: Westview
Press, 1995.
This important primary source is a collection
of interviews of survivors done at the end of World War II by a specially
trained team of American intelligence offficers. The book is divided into
two parts. The Main Report consists of the findings of the U. S. Army intelligence
team, while the Individual Reports are made up of survivor testimony. Information
on Romany inmates at Buchenwald is scattered throughout this important
collection.
HANCOCK, Ian. “Gypsies, Jews, and the Holocaust.” Shmate: A Journal
of Progressive Jewish Thought, Vol. 17 (1987), pp. 6-15; Vol. 18 (1987),
pp. 14-17.
The author does a comparative analysis of the
plight of the two main victims of the Holocaust—the Jews and the Roma.
He argues for greater recognition for the fate of the Roma during the Holocaust.
His two-part article is accompanied by a fine selection of endnotes.
HANCOCK, Ian. “Uniqueness of the Victims: Gypsies, Jews and the Holocaust.”
The
Eaford International Review of Racial Discrimination, Vol. 1, No. 2
(1988): pp. 45-67.
This article begins with a recounting of efforts
to bring the plight of the Roma during the Holocaust into the mainstream
of American Holocaust memory. He details what he feels are slights in efforts
to equate Romany suffering in the Holocaust with that of Jewish victimization.
He discusses in some depth the roots of Romany discrimination in the Western
world, and looks at the evolution of Nazi German policies towards this
group. He feels that the Roma case has been slighted by the West German
government, and argues anew for greater recognition of the Roma’s plight
throughout Europe and the United States.
HANCOCK, Ian. “Responses to the Porrajmos: The Romani Holocaust.” In Alan
S. Rosenbaum, ed., Is the Holocaust Unique?: Perspectives on Comparative
Genocide. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996.
In this controversial collections of essays,
the author argues in detailed bibliographic essays for greater recognition
of the tremendous losses suffered by the Roma during the Holocaust. This
prominent Romany scholar feels that such acknowledgement has contemporary
significance, since the Roma are still heavily persecuted in Eastern Europe,
and continue to suffer from age-old stereotypes throughout the world.
HILBERG, Raul. The Destruction of the European Jews. 3 vols. New
York: Holmes and Meier, 1985. Original 1 volume edition: New York; Quadrangle
Books, 1961; New York: Harper & Row, 1979; student edition, New York:
Holmes & Meier, 1981.
Considered one of the classic works on the Holocaust,
the Roma are mentioned with some infrequency throughout the three volume
or single volume editions.
HILBERG, Raul, Stanislaw Staron, and Josef Kermisz, eds., The Warsaw
Diary of Adam Czerniakow. New York: Stein and Day, 1979.
This diary of the chairman of the Warsaw ghetto
Judenrat (Jewish Council) covers the period from the fall of 1939 until
the eve of Czerniakow’s suicide in the summer of 1942. It contains a number
of important references to Roma in the ghetto.
Hitler’s Ten Year War against the Jews. New York: Institute of Jewish
Affairs of the American Jewish Congress/World Jewish Congress, 1943.
This study of Hitler’s victims also includes
information about the Roma targeted by the Third Reich.
HOHMANN, Joachim S. Zigeuner und zigeuner-wissenschaft: Ein Beitrag
zur Grundlagenforschung und Dokumentation des Volkermords im Dritten Reich.
Marburg/Lahn: Frankfurt: Verlag Guttandin & Hoppe, 1980.
This historical and documentary study deals with
the evolution of Nazi German racial policies towards the Roma, and highlights
in some detail the Final Solution as it was applied to the Roma during
the Holocaust. This fine overview of the Romany Holocaust is accompanied
by a detailed bibliography, followed by a rich collection of documents
that trace the evolution of German and Nazi racial policies towards the
Roma from 1926 to 1943.
International Military Tribunal. Nuremberg Documents: NG-558; PS-682;
Vol. 33. Henceforth, IMT.
These extracts tell, in the words of the Nazis’
official doctrine, about the annihilation of all the asocials and the objective
that the Jews and Gypsies be exterminated unconditionally.
HIMSS, Rudolf. Death Dealer: The Memoirs of the SS Kommandant at Auschwitz.
Edited by Peter Paskuly. New York: Da Capo Press, 1996.
This rather defensive memoir by one of Auschwitz’s
most villainous commandants has a short chapter on the Roma housed in the
Gypsy family camp at Auschwitz. He begins the chapter with a brief overview
of the plight of the Roma before the beginning of the war. Throughout this
modest look at the Roma in his camp in Poland he adopts the same critical
tone towards what he saw as stereotypical Romany behavior.
HUTTENBACH, Henry R. “The Romani Porajmos: The Nazi Genocide of Gypsies
in Germany and Eastern Europe,” in David M. Crowe and John Kolsti, eds.,
The
Gypsies of Eastern Europe (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1991).
This overview of the Holocaust is drawn from
German and other Western sources. It concentrates on domestic German policies
towards the Roma, particularly their categorization into various racial
groups. It also looks at the treatment of the Roma in various ghettos and
concentration camps, and discusses the mounting German effort to murder
them in Central and Eastern Europe. The author estimates that Romany Holocaust
deaths numbered from 250,000 to 500,000.
KENRICK, Donald and Grattan PUXON. The Destiny of Europe’s Gypsies.
New York: Basic Books, 1972. Roma translation, revised and updated: Bibahtade
Bersa. London: Romanestan Publications, 1990.
This is the classic study of the Romany Holocaust.
It begins with a valuable overview of the persecution of the Roma since
they entered Europe from India during the Middle Ages, but concentrates
on the plight of the Roma during the German Nazi era in Europe from 1933-1945.
Though it touches on all countries occupied by the Germans during this
period, it is particularly strong in its coverage of the persecution of
the Roma in Central and Eastern Europe.
KENRICK, Donald and Grattan PUXON. Gypsies Under the Swastika. Hertfordshire:
Gypsy Research Centre and University of Hertfordshire Press, 1995.
This completely reorganized and freshly researched
update of their 1972 study on the Holocaust differs somewhat from the original
and should be used in conjunction with it.
KOLSTI, John. “Albanian Gypsies: The Silent Survivors,” in David M. Crowe
and John Kolsti, eds., The Gypsies of Eastern Europe. Armonk, NY:
M. E. Sharpe, 1991.
This excellent study of the Holocaust in Albania
underscores the dearth of information on the subject. The author begins
with an excellent overview of the Romany presence in Albania, and their
ability to blend in with the larger Albanian Muslim population during the
Holocaust.
Levy, Alan. The Wiesenthal File. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans
Publishing Company, 1993.
This biography of the world’s most prominent
Nazi hunter discusses Wiesenthal’s concern for the plight of the Roma and
other non-Jewish victims of the Germans during the Nazi era. He pays particular
attention to the work of Josef Mengele with Romany victims in Auschwitz.
Lifton, Robert Jay. The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology
of Genocide. New York: Basic Books, 1986.
This innovative study looks at the plight of
the Roma as victims of various German killing programs during the Holocaust.
It includes Romany victims of Einsatzgruppe mass executions, euthanasia
gassings, and medical experimentation, particularly at the hands of Josef
Mengele.
L’HUILLIER, Madame G. “Reminiscences of the Gypsy Camp at Poitiers (1941-1943).”
Journal
of the Gypsy Lore Society. Third Series, Vol. XXVII, Nos. 1-2 (1948),
pp. 36-40.
This brief memoir looks at the plight of the
Roma in the French Gypsy camp at Poitiers in France. The author volunteered
to work among the Romany children there and helped open a school. She also
conducted religious education classes. Over time, all of the adult males
were taken from the camp and all that remained at war’s end were the women
and children.
LIPA, Jiri. “The Fate of Gypsies in Czechoslovakia under Nazi Domination,”
in Michael Berenbaum, ed. A Mosaic of Victims: Non-Jews Persecuted and
Murdered by the Nazis. New York: New York University Press, 1990, pp.
207-216.
This study of the Holocaust in the German-controlled
Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and German-allied puppet state of Slovakia
is drawn partly from Ctibor Necas’ Nad osudem ceskych a slovenskych Cikanu
(Brno, 1981). Lipa’s brief study provides an important overview of the
plight of the Roma, and the network of forced labor camps set up to imprison
them.
LUTZ, Brenda Davis and James M. “Gypsies as Victims of the Holocaust,”
in Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Vol. 9, No. 3 (Winter 1995),
pp. 346-359.
This modest look at the Holocaust, drawn from
secondary sources, tries to estimate Romany losses according to SS administrative
zones. It is unfortunately flawed by references to the Roma as a race,
and by rather low estimates of Romany death rates. On the other hand, it
does conclude that the Roma were victims of genocide and thus should be
included with the Jews as Holocaust victims.
MAUR, Wolf in der. Die Zigeuner: Wanderer zwischen den Welten. Vienna,
Munich, and Zurich: Molden, 1969.
This scholar addresses the statistics of those
who perished in the Nazi genocide, stating that 70% of all Roma living
in European countries under fascist rule were murdered.
MAX, Frederic. “Le Sort des Tsiganes dans les Prisons et les Camps de Concentration
de L’Allemagne Hitlerienne.” Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society.
Third Series, Vol. XXV, Nos. 1-2 (January-April 1946), pp. 24-34.
This is one of the earliest accounts of the Holocaust.
It is based principally on Jewish survivor testimony. It is particularly
valuable for information on the fate of the French Roma, but also has information
on the Roma in Buchenwald and Auschwitz. It includes parts of several Romany
songs from Buchenwald.
MAXIMOFF, Mateo. “Germany and the Gypsies: From the Gypsies’ Point of View.”
Journal
of the Gypsy Lore Society. Third Series, Vol. XXV, Nos. 3-4 (July-October
1946), pp. 105-108.
This early post-Holocaust article underscores
the Romany claim that 500,000 Roma died in the Holocaust. It decries Allied
insensitivity to Romany claims before the International Military Tribunal
trials going on in the four occupation zones of Germany after World War
II. Looking at the long tradition of Romany persecution in the West, the
article is also an emotional appeal for more tolerance for what the author
calls the freest people in the world.
MILTON, Sybil. “The Context of the Holocaust.” German Studies Review.
Vol. XIII, No. 2 (May 1990), pp. 269-283.
This excellent historiographical article discusses
the status of non-Jewish victims, particularly the Roma, in the broader
field of Holocaust studies. In this context, the author traces the evolution
of Nazi German policies towards the Roma throughout the Holocaust. This
fine article is anchored by a valuable body of footnotes.
MULLER-HILL, Benno. Murderous Science: Elimination by Scientific Selection
of Jews, Gypsies, and Others, Germany, 1933-1945. Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 1988. Hebrew edition, Jerusalem: 1992.
Beginning with a chronological overview of German
scientific theories of racism dating back to 1900, this study looks at
the evolution of the theory and practice of German Nazi racial theories,
particularly as applied to the three groups designated ultimately for genocidal
murder during the Third Reich—the handicapped, the Jews, and the Gypsies.
A considerable part of the book is comprised of interviews with relatives
of some of the principle advocates of deadly Nazi German racial practices.
NOVITCH, Myriam. Le Genocide des Tziganes sous Le Regime Nazi. Paris:
AMIF Publication No. 164 (Comite pour l’erection en memoire des Tsiganes
assassines en Auschwitz), 1968. English translation, Budapest: Romani Union
Publication, 1987.
This classic work by a Jewish Holocaust survivor
details the victimization of the Roma. It looks at Romany persecution throughout
German-occupied Europe and discusses Romany resistance to such policies.
PIPER, Franciszek. How Many Perished: Jews, Poles, Gypsies... Krakow:
Poligrafia, 1991.
This smallish study, which first appeared in
Vol. XXI of Yad Vashem Studies, discusses the various opinions and estimates
regarding the number of Roma, Jews, and other groups that died in Auschwitz.
It provides an overview of German and scholarly estimates and also looks
at death estimates according to country of origin. It estimates that 23,000
Roma were deported to Auschwitz and that 21,000 died there.
PORTSCHY, Tobias. “Kein Schulbesuch fuer Zigeuner”. Grenzmark-Zeitung,
4 September 1938, p. 1.
The author, one of the criminal Nazi doctors
and Area Commander in Styria, urged mass sterilization of the Roma to stop
contamination of the blood of German peasantry with non-Aryan blood.
PROCTOR, Robert N. Racial Hygiene: Medicine under the Nazis. Cambridge:
Harvard University Press, 1988.
This excellent study of the role of the German
medical profession during the Holocaust looks briefly at the status of
the Roma in Nazi Germany and the work of Robert Ritter, the regime’s most
prominent Gypsy specialist and head of the Racial Hygiene and Population
Biology Research office.
PROESTER, F. Vrazdeni Cs. Cikanu v Buchenwaldu. Document
No. UV CSPB-K-135 of the Archives of the Museum of the Fighters against
Fascism, Prague, 1940.
This document tells about the first mass genocidal
action of the Holocaust: the killing of 250 Gypsy children at Buchenwald,
in a test of the gas Zyklon B.
PUXON, Grattan. Gypsies: The Holocaust’s Forgotten Victims. Los
Angeles: Publication of the U.S. Romani Council, 1984.
Speaking about the Roma as the forgotten victims
of the Holocaust, the author reveals little-known historic facts about
their European flight.
RAMATI Alexander. And the Violins Stopped Playing: A Story of the Gypsy
Holocaust. New York: Franklin Watts, 1986.
This is the story of one Romany Holocaust survivor,
Roman Mirga, and his family. In 1942, the Mirga family began an odyssey
of escape and survival that constantly brought them close to death through
the end of World War II.
REINHARTZ, Dennis. “Aryanism and the Independent State of Croatia, 1941-1945”.
The
South Slav Journal, Vol. 9 (Autumn-Winter 1986): pp. 19-25.
This article is about the influence of German
Nazi ideology on the leadership of the Independent State of Croatia during
the Holocaust. It underscores the impact of these influences on the treatment
of the Roma during this period.
RITTER, Robert. “Die Bestandsaufnahme der Zigeuner,” in Der öffentliche
Gesundheitsdienst, Vol. 6 (January 1941).
This is one of a number of articles written during
the Holocaust by the Third Reich’s principal Gypsy expert. Ritter headed
the Racial Hygiene and Population Biology Research office. For a complete
list of Ritter’s work on the Roma, see Hans-Joachim Döring’s Die Zigeuner
in Nationalsozialistiche Staat cited elsewhere in this bibliography.
RUMMEL, R. J. Democide: Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder. New Brunswick,
NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1992.
This thorough examination of most major studies
of the Holocaust centers on various estimates of Holocaust losses. Extensive
coverage is given to the Roma in most of the major death, forced labor,
and concentration camps. This is an excellent study of losses during the
Holocaust.
SCHMEMANN, Serge. “Case of the Missing Millions.” New York Times,
26 May 1988, A5.
This article discloses that the first Western
money designated for war crimes compensation to the Roma was embezzled
and never paid to the legitimate recipients.
SCHUCKENAK, J. Sie sind auch umgekommen: Polen, Homosexuellen, Juden,
Zeugen Jehovahs und andere nicht-Zigeunerische Opfern Hitlers Gewaltherrschaft.
Tuebingen: Klaffende Tur, 1988.
This is a comparative survey of how Nazi ideology
varied according to its victims, such as the Roma.
SERENY, Gitta. Into that Darkness. New York: Vintage Books, 1974.
This study is made up of a collection of interviews
with Franz Stangl, the infamous commandant of the Treblinka death camp.
There are some references to the Roma in the interviews.
TENENBAUM, J. Race and Reich. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1956.
A history of the evolution and application of
Nazi racial science, this study has a small but important section on the
Romany Holocaust in the appendix. There are also scattered references to
the Roma elsewhere in this work.
THURNER, Erika. Kurzgeschichte des nationalsozialistischen Zigeunerlagers
in Lackenbach, 1940-1945. Eisenstadt, 1984.
This book makes it clear that the Roma were a
direct target of Nazi genocide, which mandated not only extermination through
work, Vernichtung durch Arbeit, but also direct executions, Sonderbehandlung.
TYRNAUER, Gabrielle. The Fate of the Gypsies during the Holocaust.
Washington: Special Report to the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Council, 1985.
This report describes Romany life under the Nazi
regime, including the claim by Auschwitz Commander Hoss that the purest
of them were his favorite prisoners.
TYRNAUER, Gabrielle. “Germany and Gypsies.” In Jack Nusan Porter, ed.,
Genocide
and Human Rights: A Global Anthology. Washington, D.C.: University
Press of America, 1982.
Because the Nazis saw the Roma as a concern of
public health, a parasite on the body of the German people, they subjected
them to mass sterilization and death by exhaustion.
TYRNAUER, Gabrielle. Gypsies and the Holocaust: A Bibliography and Introductory
Essay. Montreal: Montreal Institute for Genocide Studies, 1991.
This work documents such stories as the one that
claimed that once the Roma had a friend in Himmler and a foe in Lohse.
(Himmler lost his ideological struggle of protecting the Roma, and they
shared the Jews’ fate of extermination).
TYRNAUER, Gabrielle. “Mastering the Past: Germans and Gypsies,” in Frank
Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn, eds. The History and Sociology of Genocide:
Analyses and Case Studies.
This essay, which is drawn from the author’s
earlier essay on the same subject in Jack Nusan Porter’s Genocide and Human
Rights: A Global Anthology, begins by bemoaning the fact that the plight
of the Roma during the Holocaust is almost a forgotten footnote in the
history of the Nazi genocide. The author briefly surveys the history of
anti-Roma prejudice and the heritage of mistreatment in Europe, and looks
at its contemporary manifestations. The article has an excellent end note
section.
VRISSAKIS, Yoannis. “Nazis and the Greek Roma: A Personal Testimonial”.
Roma
30 (1988): pp. 15-17.
This narration recounts the 1942 murders of hundreds
of Roma by Nazi death squads in Greece.
WIESENTHAL, Simon. Justice Not Vengeance. Translated by Ewald Osers.
New York: 1989; London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1989. French edition,
Juifs et Tsiganes, in Idem, justice n’est pas vengence: Une autobiographie.
Paris: Editions Robert Laffont, 1989.
In this quasi-memoir, the famed Nazi hunter argues
that it is important to remember that there were also non-Jewish genocidal
victims of the Nazis during the Holocaust. He estimates that 500,000 Roma
died during the Holocaust, and argues that if there had been more Roma
in Europe, their death totals could have been as high as that of the Jews.
Wiesenthal is proud of his long advocacy of equal treatment for Romany
victims of the Holocaust and notes at the end of his chapter on Jews and
Gypsies that many Roma protested Elie Wiesel’s receipt of the Nobel Peace
Prize in 1986, feeling that the award should have gone to Wiesenthal.
WIESENTHAL, Simon. “Tragedy of the Gypsies.” Bulletin of Information
26 (1986): p. 6. Vienna: Dokumentationszentrum des Bundes Judische Verfolgter
des Naziregimes.
Wiesenthal denounces the mistake made by the
then Darmstadt city mayor who, having addressed the Sinti and Roma council,
said that their request of recognition ‘insults the honor of the memory
of the Holocaust victims by aspiring to be associated with them’.
WYTWYCKY, Bohdan. The Other Holocaust: Many Circles of Hell: A Brief
Account of 9-10 Million Persons Who Died with the 6 Million Jews under
Nazi Racism, foreword by S. Siegel. Washington D.C.: The Nowak Report
on the New Ethnicity, 1980.
This book has an entire chapter devoted to the
Nazi efforts to rationalize the genocide of the Jews, Slavs, and Roma,
considered by Hitler to be subhumans and asocials, which thus justified
their extermination. It also includes some discussion on German Nazi racial
theories as related to the Roma. The appendix has some information of Romany
losses during the Holocaust.
YAHIL, Leni. The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry. New York:
Oxford University Press, 1990.
This classic study of the Holocaust gives modest
coverage to the plight of the Roma.
YATES, Dora E. “Hitler and the Gypsies: The Fate of Europe’s Oldest Aryans,”
in Jack Nusan Porter, ed. Genocide and Human Rights: A Global Anthology.
Lanham, MD: University Press of American, 1982.
This brief look at the fate of the Roma during
the Nazi era puts a human face on their mistreatment.
YOORS, Jan. Crossing: A Journal of Survival and Resistance in World
War II. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 1988.
The author, a Belgian from a prominent academic
family, ran away from home when he was 12 years old, and was subsequently
adopted by a nomadic Romany clan, the Lovara, who called him Putzina. When
World War II broke out, Yoors (Putzina) was recruited by British intelligence
in Paris for resistance works behind Germans lines, where he worked organizing
resistance activities among Sinti Roma. This memoir details the dangerous
work with the Roma, and discusses Yoors’ arrest, torture, and imprisonment
by the Gestapo.
YOORS, Jan. The Gypsies. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 1987.
According to the author, this book was written
as a protest against oblivion. It blends his own account of his experiences
during the Holocaust with a more introspective look at the dynamics of
Romany life, culture, and anti-Roma prejudice.
ZIMMERMANN, Michael. “From Discrimination to the Family Camp at Auschwitz,”
in Dachau Review, Vol. 2 (1990), pp. 87-113.
This excellent article traces the evolution and
implementation of Nazi German policies towards the Roma, particularly in
the Greater Reich. The coverage is broken down into sections dealing with
the 1933-1938 period, the era of detention in 1939, followed by deportation
to Poland in 1940-1941. It takes an extensive look at the Roma Family Camp
in Auschwitz, and the elimination of this camp on August 2-3, 1944.
ZIMMERMAN, Michael. Verfolgt, vertrieben, vernichtet: Die nationalsozialistische
Vernichtungspolitik gegen Sinti and Roma. Essen: Klartext Verlang,
1989.
This excellent study of the evolution of Nazi
German racial policies towards the Roma and Sinti deals with their initial
incarceration and deportation, followed by sterilization, and then extermination
in Auschwitz and elsewhere. The author puts the development of these policies
into the broader context of German racial hygiene theories, and includes
an excellent collection of documents. This work also has a solid essay
on the historiography of the Roma question in Nazi Germany, and a bibliography
of all applicable works.
ZÜLCH, Tilman. In Auschwitz Vergast, bis heute Verfolgt: Zur Situation
der Roma (Zigeuner) in Deutschland und Europe. Hamburg: Rowohlt Taschenbuch
Verlag, 1979.
This is official testimony about the Roma under
the Nazis in Germany as well as other European countries, addressing their
displacement and extermination.